indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
lesson; class work; teaching; instruction
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
to put in; to let in; to admit; to accept; to accept; to comply; to include
third day of the month; three days
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
policy; course; plan (of action); magnetic needle
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
serious; not joking; straight
sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
execution (e.g. of a plan); carrying out; practice; action; implementation; fulfillment
now; the present time; just now; another; more
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
state of affairs (around you); situation; circumstances
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
all one's power (strength, energy, efforts); one's utmost
lateness; tardiness; arriving late
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
now (when it is already much too late); at this stage; afresh; anew; again
reverse; opposite; converse (of a hypothesis, etc.); inverse (function)
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
consent; assent; understanding; agreement; comprehension; grasp
knowledge; awareness; consent; acceptance; forgiving; pardoning
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
irresponsible; perfunctory; lukewarm; half-baked; reasonable; moderate
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
second year of junior high school; second-year junior high school student
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now