indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
lesson; class; teaching; instruction; classwork; schoolwork
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
to put in; to let in; to admit; to accept; to accept; to comply; to include
3rd day of the month; three days
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
policy; course; plan (of action); magnetic needle
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
serious; not joking; straight; (arch.) cannot; (arch.) should not; (arch.) will not
sentence-ending particle expressing doubt; sentence-ending particle expressing a rhetorical question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
execution (e.g. of a plan); carrying out; (putting into) practice; execution (of a program); run
now; the present time; just now; another; more
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
state of affairs; situation; conditions; circumstances
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
all one's power (strength, energy, efforts); one's utmost
lateness; tardiness; arriving late
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
now (when it is already much too late); at this stage; afresh; anew; again
reverse; opposite; converse (of a hypothesis, etc.); inverse (function)
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
consent; assent; understanding; agreement; comprehension; grasp
knowledge; awareness; acceptance; consent; forgiving; pardoning
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
irresponsible; perfunctory; lukewarm; half-baked; (already) enough; considerably
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
adds light emphasis or insistence to a statement; gives a statement a threatening or condescending tone
second year of junior high school; second-year junior high school student; behaving in a way characteristic of teenagers going through puberty, esp. by being overly self-conscious; (lit.) 2nd year of junior high sickness
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
-ness; indicates assertion; come (on); come now; er; um; indicates scrutiny, critique or mistrust