leaf vegetable; green vegetable; edible herb
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to live; to get along; to spend (time)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
telephone call; phone call; telephone (device); phone
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
story; tale; talk; discussion
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
suffix for familiar person
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
barber; barbershop; barber shop
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
a short while ago; a moment ago; just now; some time ago
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
he; she; that person; (arch.) you
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
abuse; ill-treatment; maltreatment; mistreatment; cruelty
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work