year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
how many times; how many degrees (temperature, angle, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
myself; yourself; I; me; you
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
in that way; thus; so; so?
simple; easy; uncomplicated; brief; quick; light
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
unskillful; poor; awkward; imprudent; untactful
useless resistance; vain struggle
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
embarrassing; embarrassed; ashamed; disgraceful; shameful
book; volume; this; present; main; head
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to open (a door, etc.); to unwrap (e.g. parcel, package); to open (for business, etc.); to empty; to remove; to move out; to clear out
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
plain; field; hidden (structural) member; wild; lacking a political post