indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
back; rear; background; behind the scenes
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
thrust; stab; tsuki; thrust to the throat (in kendo); tsuki; thrust to the chest
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
(camera) shutter; shutter (for a door, window, etc.)
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
footprints (of a suspect at a crime scene)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to be found; to be discovered
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
offender; criminal; culprit
footprints; record of page visitors (e.g. in social networking sites)
to erase; to delete; to turn off (power); to switch off; to extinguish; to put out
while; during; while; although; all; both
to leave; to go away; to pass; to elapse; to be distant; to send away; to drive off
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
slow; time-consuming; late (in the day); towards the end (of the day or night); later (than expected or usual); late
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
ceremonial bonfire (seeing off the spirits on the final night of O-Bon)
appetizer or snack served with drinks; performance to liven up a bar; conversation to liven up a party
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
uppercase letter; capital letter; large character; large writing; the (kanji) character "dai" meaning "big"; huge character "dai" formed by fires lit on the side of a mountain in Kyoto on August 16 each year
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to project; to reflect; to cast (shadow)
to drink; to gulp; to smoke (tobacco); to engulf; to overwhelm; to keep down; to suppress
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
face; mask; face guard; (in kendo) striking the head; surface (esp. a geometrical surface); page; aspect
licence; license; permit; certificate (of qualification)
(one's) identity; background; upbringing; (one's) character
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to break; to be smashed; to split; to crack; to be divided (opinion, vote, etc.); to split (e.g. of a party); to come to light
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker