Meiji era (1868.9.8-1912.7.30)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
the Industrial Revolution
inheritance; bequest; legacy; heritage
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
unobstructed view; perspective; forecast; outlook; insight; foresight
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
Japan time; Japan Standard Time; JST
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
putting off (doing); postponement; delaying
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to decide; to choose; to clinch (a victory); to decide (the outcome of a match); to persist in doing; to go through with; to always do
group; bunch; crowd; group
in regard to; concerning (usu. of disputes)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
beginning; start; outset; at first; at the beginning; initially
South Korea; Republic of Korea; Korean Empire (1897-1910)
people; men and women; each person; everybody
compulsion; coercion; forcing (to do); enforcement
sign; indication; call; summons; requisition; expropriation
business; task; use; purpose; for the use of ...; used for ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
institution; establishment; facility; home (for elderly, orphans, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
registration; accession; register; entry; record
opposition; resistance; antagonism; reverse; opposite; inverse
to take a position (e.g. on an issue); to adopt a stance
good fortune (esp. omikuji fortune-telling result); good luck; auspiciousness; unspecified day of the month (used to obscure the date a letter, invitation, etc. was written)
river; stream; River; the ... river
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this time; now; next time; another time; recently; lately
consultation on career, university, etc. choices
meeting; assembly; party; society; association; club
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
entering a higher-level school, esp. going on to university