indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
near; close; beside; vicinity; proximity; besides
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry
please (give me); please (do for me)
from now on; after this; in the future; from here; from this point
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
happiness; good fortune; luck; blessing
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
after all; in the end; conclusion; end; end of a game of go, shogi, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
(one's) older sister; (one's) elder sister; girl
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
coating (esp. lacquering)
past; after; too (much); over- (e.g. eating)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
strange; odd; unexpected; change; incident; disturbance
(not) particularly; (not) especially; (not) specially; separately; apart; additionally
one's father; one's old man; middle-aged (or older) man; old man; one's boss; proprietor (of a restaurant, store, etc.)
the other day; lately; recently
sneakily; secretly; stealthily; on the sly
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo