indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
number; edition; sobriquet; pen-name; size (of printing types, canvases, knitting needles, etc.); suffix attached to names of ships, trains, airplanes, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to have more wins than losses; to lead someone (by no. of matches); to take the lead over an opponent (in points)
match; game; bout; contest
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
opposite; opposition; versus; vs.; to (e.g. "winning a game five to three"); equal footing
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
temporary transfer (of an employee); secondment; relocation; proceeding to; leaving for
point; tip; head (of a line); front; first; before; (the way) ahead
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
new face; newcomer; rookie; modern humans (from Cro-Magnon man onwards)
caretaker (at a zoo or aquarium); keeper; attendant; breeding staff
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
hard fighting; hard struggle; fighting against heavy odds
ogre; demon; spirit of a deceased person; ogre-like person (i.e. fierce, relentless, merciless, etc.); it (in a game of tag, hide-and-seek, etc.); Chinese "ghost" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); very
paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera)
education; schooling; training; culture; cultivation; education
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
growth; development; growing up; growth (of a company, the economy, etc.)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
living thing; living creature; animal; life
dying; death; dead; useless; damned
to get used to; to grow accustomed to; to become skilled in; to become experienced at; to become tame; to become domesticated
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result