indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
lightning; thunder; god of thunder; god of lightning; anger; fit of anger
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to sound; to ring; to resound; to echo; to roar; to rumble
granny; grandma; gran; old lady; old woman
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
disagreeable; detestable; unpleasant; reluctant
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to leave; to go away; to pass; to elapse; to be distant; to send away; to drive off
-ian (e.g. Italian); -ite (e.g. Tokyoite); -er (e.g. performer, etc.); person working with ...; man; person
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
to breathe (heavily); to pant; to gasp; to live
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
(police) detective; criminal matter
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
crime; sin; penalty; sentence; fault; responsibility
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
to be noticeable; to notice; to catch one's eye
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
eager; earnest; strenuous; fervent; assiduous; with utmost effort
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use