indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
honorific/polite/humble prefix
Edo (shogunate capital, now Tokyo); Yedo
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
feudal lord; (arch.) mansion; (arch.) palace
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
straight; directly; voyage; journey; straight road
adds force or indicates command
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
you (when referring to one's equals or inferiors)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to say; to be called; to do
indeed; really; absolutely; truly; actually; very
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to