indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
daimyo's alternating Edo residence; official attendance service (by a daimyo in the Edo period)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
conduct of business; management; acting as agent (of a land owner, house owner, etc.); being in charge (of a house, etc.)
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
straight; directly; voyage; journey; straight road
to write down; to note down; to mention; to describe; to inscribe; to mark
inherited; family (heirloom); ancestral
book; document; calligraphy (esp. Chinese); penmanship; handwriting; letter
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
Edo (shogunate capital; former name of Tokyo); Yedo
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
to step forward; to step forth; to advance; to start; to embark on; to set forth on
reason; cause; meaning; sense; (good) sense; reason
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to make a decision; to draw a conclusion; to give a judgement; to hand down a verdict; to let go down; to lower; to do oneself
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
opposite side; bottom; rear; back; lining; inside; in the shadows
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
your home; your family; their home; (my) home
takeover (of a company, etc.); hijacking
plot; scheme; trick; design; intrigue; artifice
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to advance (spatially); to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to move ahead (e.g. of work); to intensify
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to know; to be aware (of); to sense; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
Nakasendo (Edo-period Edo-Kyoto highway)
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
(mountain) pass; highest point on a mountain road; ridge; peak (e.g. of summer); worst (e.g. of an illness); crisis
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
biggest; greatest; largest; maximum
perilous pass (on a route or journey); rough spot
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
to stop (moving); to come to a stop; to stop (doing, working, being supplied); to come to a halt; to alight; to perch on
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
rumour; rumor; report; hearsay; gossip; common talk
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)
lower back; waist; hips; body (of hair, noodles, paper, etc.); resilience; spring