indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
immediately; right away; at once; instantly
to throw away; to cast away; to abandon; to desert; to give up; to resign
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
pastor; minister; clergyman; reverend
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to pick up; to find; to gather
door (Western-style, car, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to open; to undo; to bloom; to unfold; to open (for business, e.g. in the morning); to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
tender; kind; gentle; graceful; affectionate; amiable
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
to be raised (e.g. child); to be brought up; to grow (up)
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to name; to call; to christen; to term
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
desire; wish; request; entreaty; prayer; (written) application
to come true (of a wish, prayer, etc.); to be realized; to suit (e.g. a purpose); to meet (wishes, ideals, etc.); to match (implies competition); to rival
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
boy; son; baby boy; young man
children's home; child care institution; orphanage
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
detestable; abhorrent; loathsome
someone with a liking or characteristic; a true representative of (place)
bone; frame; outline; core; backbone; spirit
to ring; to sound; to be popular; to be esteemed; to state; to insist
birth; giving birth; creating; bringing into the world
parent; parents; dealer (in cards, mahjong, etc.); banker; founder; inventor; (pet) owner
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
by means of; due to; because of; according to
spy; special agent; covert operative
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed