year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at that time; in those days
nameless; unnamed; obscure; unknown; causeless; unjustifiable
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
longing for; burning desire
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
living together; communal life; cohabitation
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
style (of a work, author, artist, etc.); characteristics
to differ; to vary; to disagree
two persons; two people; pair; couple
genius; prodigy; natural gift
mutually; with each other; reciprocally; together
together; mutually; fellow
to be needed; to be wanted
relation; relationship; participation; involvement; influence; effect
(suffer) deterioration; growing worse; aggravation; degeneration; corruption
mind; spirit; attitude; mentality; spirit (of a matter); essence
to fall ill; to suffer from (e.g. a disease); to have something wrong with (e.g. an inner organ)
oneself; oneself; for oneself; personally
ear; hearing; edge; crust; selvedge (non-fray machined edge of fabrics); selvage
to cut off; to lop off; to prune
one theory (opinion); another theory (opinion)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
thank you; thanks; much (thanks); very (sorry); quite; really; somehow
Kyoto-Osaka; Kyoto and Osaka
ascent; climbing; up-train; train heading toward the starting point of its route; upbound (esp. toward Tokyo); upstream
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest