great mountain; large mountain
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
starting up (e.g. business, computer)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to arrive at; to reach; to sit on; to sit at (e.g. the table)
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
fateful; decisive (e.g. war)
Sekigahara (battle site, 1600); decisive battle; critical battle
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
apron of a gun; cover for the touch-hole on a cannon or matchlock
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to cut; to cut through; to sever (connections, ties); to turn off (e.g. the light); to terminate (e.g. a conversation); to hang up (the phone); to punch (a ticket)
to drop; to lose; to clean off (dirt, makeup, paint, etc.); to remove (e.g. stains or facial hair); to lose (a match); to reject (an applicant); to lower (e.g. shoulders or voice)
established; existing; accomplished; accepted; completed
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to destroy; to crush; to break by striking; to spoil; to ruin
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
forward; forwarding (email); forwards; forward contract
advance; moving forward; progress
party (political); person who is fond of; fan of
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
present (e.g. government, administration); current; existing
cabinet (of a government); ministry
towards; against; regarding; in contrast with
parliamentary motion of non-confidence against the cabinet
presentation (of documents); submission (of an application, report, etc.); production (e.g. of evidence); introduction (e.g. of a bill); filing; turning in
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
all members; all hands; everyone; everybody; whole crew
neck; head; dismissal; discharge