indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to betray; to turn traitor to; to double-cross
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
father; dad; papa; pa; pop; daddy
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
like this; in this way; as you see
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
skip it; drop it; I've had enough (e.g. when offered something); that's enough
to forget; to leave carelessly; to be forgetful of; to forget about; to forget (an article)
suffix for familiar person
thereupon; shortly thereafter
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
railway crossing; railroad crossing; starting line; scratch; determination; stepping over the edge of the ring
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
red; crimson; Red; communist; (arch.) beautiful
to cry; to weep; to sob; to howl
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
don't you think?; indicates question
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
passing through (a tunnel, station, town, etc.); passing by (e.g. of a typhoon); passage (of a bill, e.g. through parliament); carriage; passing (an examination, inspection, etc.); clearing
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
to cough violently; to have a coughing fit