indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
strikeout; strike out; fanning out
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
(private) secretary; treasured book; secret book
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
to say; to be called; to do
wife; your wife; his wife; married lady; madam
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
greeting; a fine thing to say
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
please; kindly; by all means; certainly; here you are; to give
Japanese apricot (Prunus mume); Japanese plum; ume; lowest (of a three-tier ranking system)
something broad and flat; common; ordinary; low-ranking employee; freshman
fish-shaped pancake filled with bean jam
elder brother; one's senior; older man; man older than oneself
(one's) favourite food; (one's) favorite food
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
daytime; during the day; time from sunrise until sunset; diurnal period
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
confidence; trust; faith; credit (finance)
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!