indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
hindrance; obstacle; to visit (someone's home); demon who hinders Buddhist training; demon who obstructs sentient beings from maintaining moral behaviour
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
but (still); and yet; nevertheless; even so; notwithstanding
actually; really; truly; in practice; practically
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
rural local self-government (Muromachi period)
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to mind (negative nuance); to care about; to worry; to pay undue (amount of) attention to (something)
imitation; fake; phony; pseudo-
to ferry across (e.g. a river); to carry across; to lay across; to build across; to hand over; to hand in
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
cheap; inexpensive; pure; honest; upright
uncle; old man; mister; manybar goatfish (Parupeneus multifasciatus)
accident; incident; trouble; circumstances; reasons
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
young female rice planter; young girl
like this; this sort; this way
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)