Minister of War (Zhou-dynasty China)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
incident; affair; happening; event
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
beginning; outset; first; onset
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to devise; to arrange; to plan; to plot
jump; plunge; dive; appearing without an appointment; bursting in; arriving unannounced
childbirth; (giving) birth; delivery; production (of goods)
hill; height; knoll; rising ground
to cut; to cut through; to sever (connections, ties); to turn off (e.g. the light); to terminate (e.g. a conversation); to hang up (the phone); to punch (a ticket)
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to leave (someone) alone; to leave to oneself; to leave (someone) be
spirit; mind; nature; disposition; motivation; intention
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
tragedy; tragic drama; tragic play; tragedy; calamity; disaster
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
chain; chaining; connection; (genetic) linkage
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to
picking out; taking out; (surgical) removal; exposure
and yet; despite this; but even so; but even then; however; nevertheless
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
isn't it?; let's ...; why don't we ...; how about we ...
request; favour (to ask); wish; please
to give birth; to bear (child); to lay (eggs); to produce; to yield; to give rise to