indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
lower back; waist; hips; body (of hair, noodle, paper, etc.); resilience; spring
to sound; to ring; to resound; to echo; to roar; to rumble
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
(another's) daughter; young lady (of pampered upbringing); woman who has never known hardship; naive woman
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
character (esp. kanji); letter; handwriting; penmanship; the ... word (e.g. "the L word" = "love")
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
now; the present time; just now; another; more
discourtesy; impoliteness; excuse me; goodbye; to leave; to be rude
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
what is called; what they call; so-called
strained back; slipped disk; lumbosacral strain
by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
opposite side; bottom; rear; back; lining; inside; in the shadows
young person; youth; young
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
it cannot be that...; it is highly unlikely that...; it is impossible that...
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
I'm afraid to say; I'm sorry to say; unfortunately
charge; cost; generation; age; era; a representative of; on behalf of
will; probably; may; I think; surely; I hope
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
suddenly; all of a sudden
to attack; to assail; to succeed (someone in a post, role, etc.); to make a sudden visit
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
much less; to say nothing of
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
really; truly; indeed; good grief
relation; relationship; participation; involvement; influence; effect
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
zaibatsu; financial conglomerate; industrial group
Ratnasambhava; The Jewel-born (a dhyani-Buddha)