boo! (sound used to scare someone); ugh (dissatisfaction, aggravation); ulp (consternation)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
(another's) daughter; young lady (of pampered upbringing); woman who has never known hardship; naive woman
knock; knocking; fungo hitting; hitting balls for fielding practice
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
discourtesy; impoliteness; excuse me; goodbye; to leave; to be rude
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
bell (used for summoning or signalling); buzzer
to ring; to sound; to be popular; to be esteemed; to state; to insist
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
dear me!; good gracious!; well; let me see; now
in that way; thus; so; so?
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
absorbed in; immersed in; forgetting oneself; daze; within a dream; while dreaming
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
reason; cause; circumstances
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
as you see; as you can see
cartoon; comic; comic strip; manga
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
world-class; (of) high global reputation
culture; civilization; civilisation; Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
than; from; out of; except; but; more