indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
(another's) daughter; young lady (of pampered upbringing); woman who has never known hardship; naive woman
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
honorific/polite/humble prefix
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
offender; criminal; culprit
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
steward; butler; court official; deacon (Anglican, Lutheran, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
key; lock; key (to a problem); clue
please (give me); please (do for me)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else