indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
offender; criminal; culprit
(another's) daughter; young lady (of pampered upbringing); woman who has never known hardship; naive woman
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
Mr; Mrs; clan; he; him; counter for people
honorific/polite/humble prefix
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
mama; mamma; mom; female proprietress (of a bar, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
Ratnasambhava; The Jewel-born (a dhyani-Buddha)
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
family; members of a family
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to drink; to gulp; to smoke (tobacco); to engulf; to overwhelm; to keep down; to suppress