new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
journal; magazine; periodical
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to start (something); to start up; to boot (a computer); to launch (a business)
to decide to; to pretend that; to make a practice of doing; to make it a rule to
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
Eh?; What?; Come on!; Damn!
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
he; she; that person; (arch.) you
a short while ago; a moment ago; just now; some time ago
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
older person with more life experience
to study (in depth); to learn; to take lessons in
planning; project; plan; design
death; rejection (of a manuscript, etc.); lacking; without
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
grounds of a Shinto shrine
suggestion; proposition; proposal; submission (of a bill); motion; proposal
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
that's the way it is; such is life
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine