to decide; to choose; to clinch (a victory); to decide (the outcome of a match); to persist in doing; to go through with; to always do
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
graduation; completion (of a course); moving on (from); outgrowing (something); leaving (a group, company, etc.)
An'ei era (1772.11.16-1781.4.2)
maiko; apprentice geisha; dancing girl
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
he; she; that person; (arch.) you
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
(of a woman) divorcing and moving back in with her parents; (of an employee) leaving a position only to return to it later; (of a ship) leaving from and returning to the same port
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
request; favour (to ask); wish; please
new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (China, 9-23 CE)
journal; magazine; periodical
matter; affair; counter for (received) emails, text messages, voicemail messages, etc.; counter for accounts (on a website, email service, etc.)
white paper; flyleaf; blank paper; clean slate; lack of prior opinion, positions, etc.; scratch
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
vulgar; indecent; coarse; crude
disagreeable; detestable; unpleasant; reluctant
number one; first; best; most; game; round
special someone; special person; precious one; significant other
to wound; to injure; to hurt someone's feelings (pride, etc.); to damage; to chip
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
myself; yourself; I; me; you