indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
now; the present time; just now; another; more
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
still more; even more; all the more; still less; even less
older sister; elder sister
the person in question; prominent figure; distinguished person; that person
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
should; must; -able; probably; likely
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
or rather (say); or better (say); or perhaps I should say; or, how should I put it; I mean
guilty (feeling, conscience, look, etc.); (feeling) uneasy
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
house; one's house; one's home; one's family
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be broken; to break; to fall through; to come to nothing
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to sound; to ring; to resound; to echo; to roar; to rumble
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
person of firm character; stable person; gutsy person
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to go by; to go past; to run (between; of a rail service, bus route, etc.); to operate (between); to go indoors; to go into a room; to penetrate
to say enough (as much as required); to say plenty; to say well; to say cleverly; to say often; to say frequently
the other day; lately; recently
carrying (on one's person or in the hand); mobile phone; cell phone