this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
capital (esp. Kyoto, Japan's former capital); seat of government; capital (of music, fashion, etc.); city (e.g. of light); location of the Imperial Palace
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
police; police officer; police station
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
such; like that; that sort of; very
now; the present time; just now; another; more
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
absorbed in; immersed in; forgetting oneself; daze; within a dream; while dreaming
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
suffix for familiar person
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
sorry; excuse me; thank you
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
discourtesy; impoliteness; excuse me; goodbye; to leave; to be rude
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
normal; ordinary; normally; ordinarily; local train; train that stops at every station
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
to apologize; to apologise
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as