this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
stillness; quiet; peacefulness
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
married couple; husband and wife; man and wife; his and hers; pair of objects, one larger (for man), one smaller (for woman)
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
to be silent; to say nothing
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
sorry; excuse me; thank you
coincidence; chance; by chance; unexpectedly; contingency
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
of course; certainly; naturally
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
to get angry; to get mad; to tell someone off; to scold; to be angular; to be square
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
humour; humor; safety; health; in a good mood; in high spirits
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
(not) at all; (not) in the slightest; wholly; entirely; extremely; very
to get worse; to deteriorate; to go from bad to worse; to spoil (of food); to go bad; to perish
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
scary; frightening; eerie; dreadful
capital (esp. Kyoto, Japan's former capital); seat of government; capital (of music, fashion, etc.); city (e.g. of light); location of the Imperial Palace
together; at the same time; same; identical
love; love-making; passion; emotion; affections
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily