indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
young; youthful; immature; green; low (number); small
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to support (someone) financially; to finance; to supply (money); to present (money or gifts) to a monarch (feudal lord, etc.)
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
embezzlement; misappropriation; usurpation
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the other day; lately; recently; meanwhile; in the meantime
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
debt; loan; liabilities; borrowing money
first of all; at once; right away; for now; for the time being
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
lumping together; summing up; bundle; lump; batch
repayment; reimbursement; refund; redemption
to return (something); to restore; to turn over; to turn upside down; to pay back; to retaliate; to respond (with)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
main text (as opposed to any included commentary or annotations); authentic text (e.g. of a treaty, as opposed to any translation not specified as authentic); Chinese classical literature
to be decided; to be settled; to be unchanging; to be the same (as always); to be a fixed rule; to be destined; to be well executed (of a manoeuvre in a sport, game, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
due form; official; formality
food; food products; foodstuffs
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
change (personnel); transfer; reshuffle
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
alone; by oneself; on one's own
for the time being; for the present; immediate; present; for some time (after); current account
by myself; in person; by oneself
something; something or other; so-and-so; somehow; anyhow; one way or another
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date