hurray; hooray; go!; you can do it!
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hiba false arborvitae (species of cypress, Thujopsis dolabrata)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
all present; all concerned; all of us
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to push; to press; to apply pressure from above; to press down; to stamp (i.e. a passport); to apply a seal; to affix (e.g. gold leaf)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
hi!; yo!; hey man!; hey dude!
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
foot of a mountain; base of a mountain
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
serious; not joking; straight
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
adds force or indicates command
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
lodging together; training camp; boarding house
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
body; group; party; company; troupe
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk