year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
fulling block; wooden or stone block for beating cloth
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
merger (of companies, towns, etc.); combination; union; amalgamation; consolidation; coalition
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
hiba false arborvitae (species of cypress, Thujopsis dolabrata)
university; college; former central university of Kyoto (established under the ritsuryo system for the training of government administrators); the Great Learning (one of the Four Books)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
name; given name; title; fame; renown; pretext
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
cheering group; cheering squad
now; the present time; just now; another; more
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
existential threat; life-or-death crisis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
body; group; party; company; troupe
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
entry to school or university; matriculation; enrolment (in university, etc.) (enrollment)
to put back up; to stand back up; to restore (to former strength); to revive (e.g. the economy); to make again (a plan, policy, etc.); to reformulate
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
dawn; daybreak; event (e.g. "in the event of ..."); occasion; occurrence
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
certainly; surely; definitely
company; association; regional Chinese god of the earth (or a village built in its honour); counter for companies, shrines, etc.
to put back; to return; to vomit; to throw up; to recover (of a market price)
promise; agreement; convention; rule; destiny; fate
secretary-general; director-general; executive director; executive secretary
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
field; plain; prairie; tundra; moor; wilderness
to smash violently; to crush
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?