indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
button (clothing); push-button
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
offender; criminal; culprit
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
actual spot; scene (of a crime, accident, etc.); (on) site; (on) the ground; filming location; (movie) set
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
in this way; thus; such; uh...
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
storehouse with thick (earthen) walls; godown
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
four; four years of age; ten o'clock (old time system); Burakumin; cross grips
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise