indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
to break; to be broken; to be folded; to give in; to back down; to turn (a corner)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
losing everything; coming to nothing; having lost the interest and the principal
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
cool breeze; cool air; refreshing coolness
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
middle; centre; center; midpoint; heart
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to reach; to touch; to be delivered; to arrive; to be attentive; to be scrupulous
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
each (person); individually; one by one; one at a time; in turn
to deliver; to forward; to send; to report; to notify; to file notice (to the authorities)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
important; serious; valuable; precious; serious matter; major incident
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
(some) more; even more; longer; further
to move; to stir; to operate; to run; to make a move; to take action; to be touched
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
grasp; catch; understanding
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
what's the matter?; what's wrong?
the other day; lately; recently; meanwhile; in the meantime
Mikawa (former province located in the east of present-day Aichi Prefecture)
ward; borough; city (in Tokyo); district (e.g. electoral); section; zone (e.g. postal)