indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
the capital city (often Tokyo) area (typically within 50 km of city's centre) (center)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
outbreak; spring forth; generation (e.g. of power or heat); genesis; ontogeny; development of complex multicellular structures from cell(s) in a simple state
continuation; succession; series
indiscriminate killing; indiscriminate murder
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
old house; deserted house
Mr; Mrs; clan; he; him; counter for people
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
common reed (Phragmites australis)
to ask; to inquire; to implore (a god for an oracle); to seek direction (from your superior); to visit; to speak to (a large crowd at a theatre, etc.)
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
station (esp. a police station); office (e.g. tax office)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
accompanying; travelling together; traveling together; same bank
to desire; to wish; to beg; to request; to have something done for oneself
poison; toxicant; harm; evil influence; ill will; spite
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
public relations; PR; publicity; publicizing
room; wife (of someone of high rank); scabbard; Chinese "Encampment" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
family; members of a family
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be worm-eaten; to be eaten by worms; to affect adversely; to spoil; to ruin
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)