indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
iron (Fe); strong and hard (as iron); railway; railway enthusiast
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
crane (any bird of the family Gruidae, esp. the red-crowned crane, Grus japonensis)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
father (esp. used in samurai families prior to the Meiji period)
Black Tortoise (god said to rule over the northern heavens); seven mansions (Chinese constellations) of the northern heavens
disagreeable; detestable; unpleasant; reluctant
to have (e.g. lunch); to take (e.g. vitamins)
silver (Ag); silver coin; money; silver medal; silver colour; silver color; bank
to cough violently; to have a coughing fit
kan (obs. unit of weight, approx. 3.75 kg, 8.3 lb); kan (obs. unit of currency, equiv. to 1000 mon in the Edo period; col. 10 mon in the Meiji period); counter for pieces of sushi; 10 points; 12 points