indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
honorific/polite/humble prefix
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
iron (Fe); strong and hard (as iron); railway; railway enthusiast
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
(another's) daughter; young lady (esp. of respectable upbringing)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
spread-out sail; full sail; (sailing) downwind
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
greatly; very much; thanks a lot
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
dango; dumpling (usu. sweet); ball-shaped object; something round; lump; group
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
freezing weather; agar-agar; vegetable gelatin
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
to have (e.g. lunch); to take (e.g. vitamins)
dad; dada; daddy; pa; papa; pappa