indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
impertinent; impudent; saucy; cheeky
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
wound; injury; chip; crack; flaw; defect
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
onigiri; rice ball (often triangular, sometimes with a filling and wrapped in nori)
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
please (give me); please (do for me)
to throw away; to cast away; to abandon; to desert; to give up; to resign