indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
pattern; figure; state; condition; conjecture of the current situation; the way it seems; model
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
certain; sure; doubtless; I have no doubt; You can depend on it; It's a safe bet
meeting; assembly; party; society; association; club
company; lot; bunch; troupe; company (of musicians)
to rub; to crumple; to massage; to argue; to have a heated discussion; to train; to coach
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
to accept; to receive; to agree
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
simple; easy; uncomplicated; brief; quick; light
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
is that so? (generally rhetorical)
suffix for familiar person
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
excuse me; pardon me; I'm sorry; thank you
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
to stop; to turn off; to park; to prevent; to suppress (a cough); to stop (someone from doing something); to dissuade
there's no (other) way; cannot be helped; unavoidable; it's no use (doing); pointless; hopeless (person)
consequence; outcome; result; blame
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
one-by-one; separately; every single; each and every; without omission
duty; responsibility (incl. supervision of staff); liability; onus
to feel; to sense; to experience
circumference; girth; surroundings; neighbourhood; people surrounding oneself; surrounding circumstances
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
about; concerning; related to; -ish
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to