word; term; language; speech
honorific; term of respect; polite expression; honorific language
(inflectional) ending of a word; end of a sentence
national language; Japanese language (esp. as a school subject in Japan); one's native language; mother tongue; native Japanese words (as opposed to loanwords and Chinese-derived words)
term; terminology; wording; choice of words; phraseology
tone (of voice); parlance; style; intonation; accent
outrageous; preposterous; scandalous; inexcusable; absurd; execrable
boasting; big talk; bombast; Australian English
rakugo; traditional Japanese comic storytelling; comic story (told by a professional storyteller)
vocabulary; lexicon; lexis; terminology
whispering; private talk; talking (during a class, lecture, etc.)
human speech; human language; sound of people talking
study of foreign languages; linguistics
verbalization; putting into words
to raise one's voice; to lift one's voice; to speak emphatically
secret language; jargon; cant; argot; slang
ancient Japanese (as spoken in Japan until the Middle Ages)
origin of a word; derivation of a word; etymology
technical term; terminology; jargon
common language; lingua franca; standard language (language variety understood throughout a country)
the Analects of Confucius (one of the Four Books)
archaic word; obsolete word; old saying; old adage; old language; ancient language
sense of language; feeling of a word; impression a word makes; nuance
standard language (used in government, education, etc.); standard Japanese
big talk; boasting; bragging
(the extent of) one's vocabulary
polite language (e.g. masu, desu)
sound (of a sentence); euphony; wordplay; play on words; pun
dead language; extinct language; obsolete word; dated word; word that has become passé
language of one's country; mother tongue; native language
coinage; invention of a new word; coined word
rakugo story teller; comic story teller
Japanese-language dictionary; dictionary of a national language
faulty statement; misleading statement; misunderstanding caused by a misleading statement
vocabulary notebook; ring of vocabulary flash cards
monologue; soliloquy; German (language)
Korean (language; esp. as spoken in South Korea)
wordplay; play on words; pun; rhyming game
colloquialism; colloquial language; slang
indecent language; dirty talk
kanji compound; idiom; idiomatic phrase
modern language; contemporary language; living language; modern Japanese; Japanese as spoken since the Meiji period or alternatively, since the end of World War II
machine language; machine code
four-character compound word (esp. idiomatic)
common language; lingua franca
(linguistic) competence; language capability
spoken language; colloquial speech; (modern) spoken Japanese; written style based on (modern) spoken Japanese
false rumour (rumor); groundless rumour; canard
technical term; terminology; nomenclature
English-speaking world; English-speaking countries; Anglosphere
irony; rhetorical question
language learning ability; foreign language skills; linguistic ability
Japanese word of Chinese origin; Sino-Japanese word; language of the Han people; Chinese
to be beyond words; to defy description
vulgar word; vulgar expression; vulgarism; profanity; swear word
new word; neologism; newly coined word; newly introduced word (in a textbook); new word (to learn)
translation equivalent; equivalent word in translation; translation (of a word); gloss
programming language; programing language
modern translation; translation into modern language (of a classical text, e.g. The Tale of Genji)
buzzword; vogue word; popular phrase
every single word and phrase; each and every word
original word; original language
diction; grammar; syntax; usage; wording
command of English; proficiency in English; knowledge of English
mother tongue; native language; protolanguage; parent language
emphasis (e.g. placed on a word); stress; tone (of voice)
Nihon Kokugo Daijiten (Japanese dictionary published by Shogakukan)
loanword (in Japanese, esp. one of Western origin); word of foreign origin
Beijing dialect (of Mandarin); Pekingese
industry terminology; professional jargon; buzzword
Japanese (language) version; Japanese edition
four-character compound word (usu. idiomatic)
modern Japanese (esp. as a school subject)
language area of the cortex; speech centre (center)
English version; English-language edition
language center (brain); language centre
English name (for a country, etc.); English-derived nickname (used by someone with a non-Western personal name); Western name
word not allowed to be broadcast (on TV or radio); word prohibited on TV and radio; unbroadcastable word
written language; literary language; classical (or formal) written style based on Heian-period Japanese
phenomime; mimetic word; word that mimics an action, condition, or manner that does not make a sound (e.g. "damp", "calmly")
explanation of a word (phrase, term, etc.); interpretation of a word
indigenous language; local language; vernacular; native tongue
language disorder; speech disorder; speech impediment
everyday language; common parlance; vernacular
Zen terminology; Zen words
headword (in a dictionary); entry word
colloquial style; written style based on spoken language
speech; utterance; speech production; word used to start a sentence
Japanese word constructed of elements from one or more English terms; pseudo-English word or phrase coined in Japan; wasei eigo
Japanese language; wago; native Japanese words (as opposed to Chinese-derived words and other loanwords)
Imperial Rescript on Education (1890)
Swahili (language); Kiswahili
idiom derived from historical events or classical literature of China
sociolect spoken in the Tokyo area by gyaru
technical term; (specialist) terminology; jargon
baby talk (e.g. "choo-choo" for train); words and speech patterns used by infants
Buzzword of the Year Award (organized by publisher Jiyu Kokumin-sha)
rakugo research society; rakugo research club
similar words; words of similar meaning; synonym
katakana word; word written in katakana
forgetting the words; inability to pronounce a word correctly
dictionary of terminology; glossary
sound of a word; sounds of speech; phoneme
studying a language abroad
Japanese language school (for non-native speakers)
Japanese language education (for Japanese people); teaching of Japanese
discriminatory term; discriminatory language
teaching of English; English teaching
Taiwanese (language); Taiwanese Hokkien
quasi-synonym (word that has a similar meaning to another, but is not interchangeable)
Japanese-language dictionary; dictionary of a national language
lover's whispers; sweet nothings; whispered intimacies; babbling (of a baby); babble
English (language); British English
set phrase; idiomatic expression
one's native language; one's mother tongue
pejorative term; derogatory term; disparaging term
conclusion; concluding remarks
Sanseido Kokugo Jiten (Japanese dictionary published by Sanseido)
kanji compound formed of opposing elements; antonym; conversation (face-to-face)
classical or dead languages
Indonesian (language); Bahasa Indonesia
one's native language; Japanese
Japanese philology; Japanese linguistics
Internet jargon; online slang
word mainly used in tanka; poetical word
theatrical performance given in English
Nepali (language); Nepalese
critical remark; comment; grade (at school; e.g. A, B, C)
German-speaking countries; German language sphere
linguist; language expert
another language; different languages
literary style; classical style
Japanese language (as a school subject in Japan)
each language; every language
baseless rumor; baseless rumour; gossip; false report
you're not making any sense; can I have that in Japanese?
talking in whispers; confidential words
tautology (language); tautology
a great many words; huge number of words
Klingon (fictitious language)
Iwanami Kokugo Jiten (Japanese dictionary published by Iwanami Shoten)
Persian (language); Farsi
command of Japanese; proficiency in Japanese
exam-oriented English; English studied just for examinations (esp. university entrance)
word used mainly in writing; literary language
humble language (e.g. itadaku)
colloquial writing; text written in a spoken form of the language
onomatope (i.e. word formed by onomatopoeia)
business terminology; business jargon
use of related words to enhance expression (in classical Japanese poetry or prose); semantically related words
thesaurus; dictionary of synonyms
French-speaking world; francophone world; francophonie
various languages; several languages
overgeneralizing (statement, assumption, etc.); overly broad; broad-brush; sweeping
inflection of words (e.g. declension of nouns and conjugation of verbs)
technical term; technical terminology
Gleanings from Ancient Stories (Inbe no Hironari, 807 CE); historical record from the Inbe clan
linguistic activity; language (as defined by Saussure; langue and parole)
Chinese room (artificial intelligence thought experiment)
Japanese-language education (for non-native speakers)
comprehension (of a word)
Gendai Kokugo Reikai Jiten (Japanese dictionary published by Shogakukan)
language of the natives; local language; native tongue; dialect; patois
verbal behaviour; language behaviour
Shanghainese; Shanghai dialect (of Wu Chinese)
compound word; compound term
language study; language learning
inflection; conjugation; declension
Hungarian (language); Magyar
linguistic aspects of life; linguistic behaviour
corpus; linguistic data; text corpus
international language; world language; global lingua franca; constructed international auxiliary language (e.g. Esperanto)
international language; world language; global lingua franca; constructed international auxiliary language (e.g. Esperanto)
(various) languages; language group; language family
Western language; Japanese word of Western origin
bilingual; in two languages
both languages; both words
written language; literary language
flavor of literary style; flavour of literary style
neologism; newly coined word
English version; English translation
syllable repetition (indicating plurals)
stem (non-inflecting part of a word); word stem
elegant words; refined diction; poetic expression; classical poetic language (esp. of the Heian period)
artificial language (e.g. Esperanto); constructed language; conlang; language for defining structures, logic, etc. (e.g. XML, HTML, etc.)
modern Japanese (as spoken since the Middle Ages); Japanese spoken during the Meiji period (sometimes including the late Edo period and/or the Taishō period)
contemporary English; present-day English; current English
English studies; English philology; English linguistics
Meikyo Kokugo Jiten (Japanese dictionary published by Taishukan)
political jargon; political term
Khmer (language); Cambodian
Quechua (language); Quechuan; Quichua; Quecha
etymological theory; etymology
term used in translation; translation equivalent; word borrowed and translated from another language
talking quietly; quiet conversation; idle talk
halting English; broken English
university of foreign studies; university specializing in foreign languages
with a gentle face and a nice word
the opening greeting on letters
Shinmeikai Kokugo Jiten (Japanese dictionary published by Sanseido)
group of languages (subgroup of a branch); word group; group of words
common saying; slang; argot
practical language; language used for day-to-day activity (in contrast to official languages); facility language
National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics; NINJAL; Kokken
language of the enemy (esp. English in Japan during WWII)
language family; family of languages
Sinhala (language); Sinhalese
example of a word or phrase
wasting one's breath (trying to explain something); (lit.) (reading) the Analects of Confucius to a dog
protolanguage; parent language
different word; another word
computer terminology; computer term
everyday language; The Tale of the Heike
Tensei Jingo (daily column in the Asahi Shimbun)
command language; control language
Japanese-language support (in software)
related term; associated words
compound word; phrase; collocation; copula
hybrid language; pidgin; hybrid word; portmanteau word
Filipino (standardized Tagalog, the national language of the Philippines)
Syriac (language); Syriac Aramaic
verbiage; wordiness; tautology; blabber; chatter; unnecessary talk
polite Japanese as used by young part-time employees in restaurants, etc.
Tokyo dialect (esp. historical)
Spanish-speaking world; Spanish-speaking countries
falsehood (as one of the five sins in Buddhism); lie
using an overly broad subject when expressing a personal opinion (e.g. "the public", "women"); overgeneralizing
psychology of language; psycholinguistics
global language; world language; languages of the world; world languages
Nihongo Daijiten (Japanese dictionary published by Kodansha)
core vocabulary; basic vocabulary
redundant keigo (i.e. improper use of the -rareru honorific form together with an honorific verb such as ossharu)
expressing one's meaning by stating the opposite; ironic expression
knowing a theory without being able to apply it
text written in literary style
Norse (language); Nordic languages (Danish, Faroese, Icelandic, Norwegian, Swedish); North Germanic languages
word with difficult-to-read kanji
European language; European languages
middle of a word; within a word
language spoken by the Emishi; languages spoken by the nanban during the Edo Period (e.g. Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch); foreign language
natural language understanding; NLU
natural language processing; NLP
multilingualization; multilingualisation; localization; localisation
language construct; entity
language used by students; students' slang
The School Sayings of Confucius; Family Sayings of Confucius; Kongzi Jiayu
sinophone world; Chinese-speaking world
intensive word; intensifier
colloquial expression; colloquialism
inflectional ending (in Japanese)
Ancient Egyptian (language)
Buddhist terminology; word related to Buddhism
Uighur (language); Uigur; Uygur
Iranian (any member language of the Iranian language branch, esp. Farsi)
Marathi (language); Mahratti
Croat (language); Croatian
Chinese language (esp. as a college class)
Italian language (esp. as a school subject)
English proficiency test (esp. the STEP test)
word-for-word translation; literal translation
pejorative term; derogatory word; invective
words; speech; expression
classical Greek (language); ancient Greek
following a text word by word (e.g. when translating)
private school for the study of English
secret language; code word; argot
scripting language; script language
monolingual; single-language
Edo-period Kansai dialect
neologism (invention of words that have meaning only to the person who uses them)
easy Japanese (that is easily understood by non-native speakers, children, etc.)
Japanese text book; Japanese text books
Japanese Language Proficiency Test; JLPT
language used in the political and cultural center of a country
Society for the Study of Japanese Language
unknown language; unknown word
modifier of a non-inflectable word
predicate logic; predicate calculus
Ural-Altaic (family of languages)
precept forbidding one to speak untruthfully; precept of satya
modifier of an inflectable word
adult language; office jargon
Cebuano (language); Cebuan; Bisaya
Filipino (standardized Tagalog, the national language of the Philippines)
Annamese (language); Vietnamese
foul language; abusive language
embellishing one's words (one of the ten evil deeds); embellished language; flowery language
language used in red-light districts during the Edo period
rare word; unusual word; strange word
Buddhist term; teaching of the Buddha; saying of the Buddha; words of the Buddha
word root (smallest portion of a larger word that holds meaning)
branch (of a language family); branch of languages
Japanese spoken (or written) with an excessive amount of English loanwords
intermediate language; interlanguage
heroic words; big talk; boasting; bragging; grandiloquence; rodomontade
computational linguistics
language island; speech island
neurolinguistic programming; NLP
saying whatever one feels; speaking at random; making careless remarks; rambling talk
basic multi-lingual plane; BMP
Page Description Language; PDL
independent word; free-standing Japanese language elements (not auxiliaries or particles)
Japanese language specialist; linguist specializing in Japanese
ancient language; ancient word; Old Japanese; Japanese as spoken from the end of the 6th century to the end of the Nara period
Late Middle Japanese; medieval Japanese; mediaeval Japanese
near-extinct language; seriously endangered language
Society for Teaching Japanese as a Foreign Language; NKG
folk etymology; popular (but unfounded) etymology
Japanese-Ryukyuan languages; Japonic languages
spoken language (as opposed to literary)
colloquial grammar; grammar of modern spoken and written Japanese
independent word; free-standing word
dependent word (i.e. auxiliaries and particles; in Japanese)
National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics; NINJAL; Kokken
inflecting word (in Japanese); inflectional word
absolute respectful speech; absolute honorifics
loanword; loan word; borrowed word; borrowing
polysemous word; word with multiple meanings
Pijin (language); pidgin language
Ethiopic (language, languages)
Rhaeto-Romance (language)
French language (esp. as a college class)
Kannada (language); Kanarese
Kongo (language); Kikongo; Congolese
Ilokano (language); Ilocano
taboo word; forbidden word
Brazilian Portuguese (language variety)
Haitian Creole (language)
four-letter word (vulgar English term, e.g. fuck)
A Japanese and English Dictionary with an English and Japanese Index (1867)
whispering; murmuring; talking in a low voice
Japanese word constructed of elements from foreign languages
street gossips and idle rumors; hearsay
Proto-Indo-European (language)
etymological dictionary; glossary; thesaurus; history of words
sweet whispers of love; sweet nothings; lovers' whispers
grudge; complaint; reproach
precept forbidding one to speak untruthfully; precept of satya
non-English-speaking world; non-Anglosphere
race game (board game played with dice in which the object is to reach the end of a track); ban-sugoroku; sugoroku; traditional Japanese board game similar to backgammon
classification of Japanese words by their origin as Japanese, Chinese or Western
Min Chinese (language); Min
first word (of an infant)
dialect; language of the common people; colloquial language; slang
register-specific word; word used in a particular social group or situation
HyperText Markup Language; HTML
intermediate language level
artificial intelligence language; AI language
old people's talk; sociolect of the elderly; dated language
English-speaking person; foreigner
target language; object language
Linguistic Society of Japan; LSJ
Bantu language (of the Bantu language family)
tone language; tonal language
large language model; LLM
application development language
linguistic map; linguistic atlas
tone language; tonal language
data manipulation language; DML
African American Vernacular English; AAVE; Black English; ebonics
problem-oriented language
command language; control language
written language; literary language
Interface Definition Language
data definition language; DDL
sociology of language; sociolinguistics
linguistic purism; linguistic protectionism
theory of linguistic relativity
newly introduced word (e.g. in a textbook); new word (to learn); new vocabulary
computer-dependent language
Japanese Association of Sociolinguistic Sciences
Job Control Language; JCL
person with a language disorder; person with a speech disorder
language attrition (process of losing a native or first language); linguistic attrition; hypophrasia
language being translated to; target language
data description language; DDL
hand signals; flag signals
logic programming language
fourth generation language; 4GL
contemporary words; current terminology; words commonly heard in current affairs topics
Computer Mediated Communication; CMC
multilingual; in many languages
Chinese Language Society of Japan
computational linguistics
Osaka University of Foreign Studies
small language model; SLM
female language; feminine expression
language being translated from; source language
structured query language; SQL
Society for Japanese Linguistics
application-oriented language
speech-language-hearing therapy
speech used by the speaker to convey the social stature between the speaker and listener; language conveying that the speaker is of greater social status than the listener
SQL; Structured Query Language
Hypermedia; Time-based Structuring Language; HyTime
superstratum; superstrate
vernacularism; colloquialism
English Linguistic Society of Japan
constituents of compound word
Nagasaki University of Foreign Studies
Kanda University of International Studies
Kobe University of Foreign Studies
computer-dependent language
object complement; objective complement
Nagoya University of Foreign Studies
enhanced (Japanese) keyboard
CDL; Computer Design Language
Kansai University of Foreign Studies
assistant language teacher; ALT; foreign national serving as an assistant teacher of English in a Japanese classroom
twin talk; twin speech; cryptophasia; idioglossia
private-sphere language; language used in every day life; dialect
Kyoto University of Foreign Studies
pseudo-Chinese; Japanese written without kana for intelligibility in Chinese
Kobe City University of Foreign Studies
cognate object verb phrase
Japan English Language Education Society
Peninsular Japonic (postulated extinct language)
objective complement; noun or adjective following and modifying the direct object
Japan Society for Medical English Education
Eiken Foundation of Japan; (formerly) Society for Testing English Proficiency (STEP)
International Japanese Education Center; IJEC
Japan Association for Language Teaching; JALT
incorporating language; polysynthetic language
Community of Portuguese Language Countries; CPLP
Hanyu Da Zidian (multi-volume Chinese character dictionary); Grand Chinese Dictionary
national language; state language
everyday speech; everyday language
male language; masculine language
mixed language; hybrid language; pidgin; word formed via contamination
lexical item; lexical unit
transformational generative syntax
Japan Association for the Promotion of English for Children
local language; local dialect
early modern Japanese; Japanese as spoken during the Edo period
Proto-Japonic (language); Proto-Japanese; Proto-Japanese-Ryukyuan
Mathematical Linguistic Society of Japan
noun equivalent; substantive
principle of lexical control; PLC
The Chicago International Language School; CILS
Saito's Idiomological English-Japanese Dictionary (1936)
word form used in vernacular language (as opposed to classical language)
Futaba College of Foreign Languages; FCFL
issues pertaining to a nation's script (e.g. standardization of kanji in Japanese)
official languages of the UN (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish)
highest honorifics; honorific language mainly reserved for speaking of or to a member of the Imperial family
graded reader; limited-vocabulary reader
creating a noun by affixing "ku" to the end of an inflectable word (e.g. "omowaku", "osoraku")
subject-auxiliary inversion
relative respectful speech; relative honorifics
tempo marking; tempo indication
optic aphasia; visual aphasia
adverb equivalent; adverbial equivalent
predicate verb; predicator
EIKEN Test in Practical English Proficiency; STEP test
grammar of the classical literature; classical grammar
Association for Teaching English through Movies; ATEM
lexical-functional grammar; LFG
elegant speech (esp. the use of the prefixes "o-" and "go-"); refined language; polite language
English Language Proficiency Test; TOEFL
psychomime; ideophone depicting mental state or sensation
kana orthography (esp. historical) of native Japanese words
Indo-Chinese (family of languages)
Malayo-Polynesian languages
Hamito-Semitic (family of languages)
Altaic (family of languages)
Indo-Germanic (family of languages)
Uralic (family of languages)
Sino-Tibetan (family of languages)
Dravidian (family of languages)
Niger-Kordofan (family of languages)
Niger-Congo (family of languages)
Hamitic (hypothetical family of languages)
polysyllabic word; polysyllable
homonym that has a native Japanese reading
words used to describe tempo, dynamics, etc. in music; musical terminology
Sino-Japanese word; word using Chinese-derived readings
stylistic marking (in music, e.g. "dolce", "tranquillo", etc.)
thesaurus published by Sanseido
international auxiliary language
Waseda Foreign Language College
word form used in literary language
glossary of technical terms
constituent negation; word negation
Imperial Rescript on Education (1890)
total number of words used (in a text)
modifier of a non-inflectable word; adnominal modifier
preface; editors note; postscript
English department (e.g. in a university)
courteous language (i.e. humble language in which an action or object is not directed toward the listener or a third party)
Tales of Ise (Heian period collection of poems) (abbr)
structure word; function word; form word
living language; inflecting word
machine word; computer word
machine word; computer word
Chinese (language); Qiang (language)
speech mixing words from two languages
Luwian; Luvian (language)
Aboriginal languages (of Australia)
local language; local dialect
Tungusic language (esp. Evenki)
Punjabi (language); Panjabi
Slovenian (language); Slovene
Shughni (language spoken in Pamir mountains in Afghanistan and Tajikistan)
Ladin (Rhaeto-Romanic dialect)
secret language used in the postwar Showa period where certain words are read backwards
Ottoman Turkish (language); Osmanli; Ottoman
Khmer (language); Cambodian
Tswana (language); Setswana
Telugu (language); Telegu
Gujarati (language); Gujerati
Pashto (language); Pashtu
Serbo-Croat (language); Serbo-Croatian
Rwandan (language); Kinyarwanda
German language (esp. as a college class)
Spanish language (esp. as a college class)
Spanish language (esp. as a college class)
Kapampangan (language); Pampangan (language)
Dzongkha (language); Bhutanese
Cebuano (language); Cebuan; Bisaya
Tigre (language); Tigrayit
Ido (constructed language)
European Portuguese (language variety)
mixed language spoken by Japanese Brazilians
Cia-Cia language; Butonese
Maldivian (language); Dhivehi
babigo; language game of repeating each syllable with an initial "b"
lack of Japanese language support for Japanese-made content (esp. video games)
Sotho (language); Sesotho; Southern Sotho
Aromanian (language); Macedo-Romanian
Scots (language); Lowland Scots
Gilbertese (language); Kiribati
Magyar (language); Hungarian
predicate noun; predicate nominative
sister language; related language; cognate
folk etymology; popular (but unfounded) etymology
auxiliary inflecting word (in Japanese)
English proficiency examination; English proficiency test
Indic languages; Indo-Aryan languages
Indic languages; Indo-Aryan languages
Tai languages; Zhuang-Tai languages
hybrid term combining elements drawn from different languages
illustrative word; example word
Kyōwa-go; Japanese-based pidgin language spoken in Manchukuo
protolanguage; parent language; root word; word in the parent language
appropriate word; apt word or expression; mot juste
Southern Min; Minnan; southern branch of Min Chinese
Irish English; Hiberno-English
etymology of a word; history of a word
inflected language; fusional language
phenomime (of living things); mimetic word; word that mimics an action, condition, or manner of a living thing that does not make a sound (e.g. "aimlessly", "sluggishly")
honorific expressions learned from company training manuals
baby talk (used in talking to young children)
Aboriginal languages (of Australia)
Hokkien (language); Fukien; Fujian
ability to understand English like a native speaker (i.e. without translating); intuitive understanding of English; (lit.) English brain
Sino-Vietnamese word; Vietnamese word of Chinese origin
Japanese word constructed from Sino-Japanese elements; wasei kango
neologism (invention of words that have meaning only to the person who uses them)
lingua franca; vehicular language; bridge language; intermediary language
bound auxiliary attaching only to independent inflectable words
Wu Chinese (language); Shanghainese
Xiang Chinese (language); Hunanese
non-standard pronunciation
colloquialism; slang; proverb
Yue Chinese (language); Cantonese (language)
Indo-European language(s)
Proto-Indo-European (language)
humble and honorific expressions; polite speech; honorific; term of respect; polite expression
katakana dictionary; loanword dictionary
Proto-Indo-European (language)
coprolalia; uncontrollable use of obscene language
humble language in which the listener (or a third party) is the indirect object of an action (or the recipient of an object, etc.)
humble language in which an action or object is not directed toward the listener (or a third party); humble language used as a courtesy
pejorative term; derogatory word; invective
basic vocabulary; core vocabulary
mysterious words; confusing words