culture; civilization; civilisation; Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
school festival; cultural festival; annual open day school event showcasing student talent
writing; composition; essay; sentence
sentence; composition; text; the literary arts (as opposed to the military arts); academia; statement
civilization; civilisation; culture; Bunmei era (1469.4.28-1487.7.20)
thesis; essay; treatise; paper; article
document; writing; letter; document addressed to someone
library; book collection; paperback book
literature; books (reference); document
literary club (e.g. at school); literary section (e.g. newspaper)
person of letters; literary person
text (of a book, document, etc.); body (of a letter); this passage; this sentence
literature; the arts; art and literature; liberal arts
small-format paperback book; pocket paperback
wording (esp. of written text); classical Chinese literary style; traditional written Chinese
writing (an essay, prose, etc.); composition; formal writing with little real meaning
context (of a passage); line of thought; context; environment; circumstances
inscription; epitaph; epigraph
humanities, social sciences, and fine arts; liberal arts
historical document; archives; old manuscript; pre-Meiji era document addressed to someone in particular
scholar of literature; literary person; man of letters; writer
literary style; form of (written) language (e.g. classical, modern)
correspondence; exchange of letters
ancient writing (i.e. Edo-period or older); classical literature; ancient Chinese character (pre-Qin period)
long sentence; long piece of writing (e.g. passage, letter, article, telegram)
ancient civilization; ancient civilisation
literary world; literary circles
being accomplished in both the literary and military arts; doing well in both school and sports
English writing; English sentence; English text; English literature; English lit
Java sparrow; Java rice finch (Lonchura oryzivora, Padda oryzivora)
man of letters; literary man
unwritten law; common law; unwritten rule
department (faculty) of literature
food culture; dietary culture; cuisine
Chinese classical writing; Chinese classics; writing composed entirely of kanji
person of culture; cultured person
literary and military arts; the pen and the sword
civilized person; civilized people
dubious document; anonymous document containing defamatory statements
cultural assets; cultural property
modern Japanese; current written style
official document; archives
written apology; written statement of regret
preface; foreword; introduction
example sentence; illustrative sentence; model sentence
sentence structure; grammatical construction
whole passage; full text; whole sentence; full paragraph
written description of one's thoughts
pure literature; belles-lettres
Bunkyū era (1861.2.19-1864.2.20)
text; provisions (act, treaty)
modern convenience; convenience of civilized life; blessings of civilization
different culture; foreign culture
fixed phrase; canned phrase; standard wording; template; boilerplate
in the sentence; in the text; Bunchū era (of the Southern Court) (1372.4.?-1375.5.27)
address to the gods; type of song which spread from mountain hermits to the laity during the Kamakura era
descriptive (narrative) part
stipulation; stating clearly; documenting in writing; stating explicitly
educational policies or administration; Bunsei era (1818.4.22-1830.12.10)
civilized society; civilised society
classified document; confidential document
civilization and enlightenment; Japan's Westernization movement during the Meiji era (Westernisation)
stationery shop; a stationer
short sentence; short piece of writing (e.g. passage, article, composition)
Japanese puppet theatre (theater); bunraku
humanities; liberal arts; social science; literary course; department of literature
literary art; literary activity; writing
literary history; history of literature
Kanbun era (1661.4.25-1673.9.21)
threatening letter; intimidating letter
the literary world; literary circles
famous literary composition
same text; same wording; same script; same language
poetry and prose; literature; literary works
civilized nation; civilised nation
important cultural property; important cultural asset
(the products of) culture or civilization (civilisation)
short essay; pamphlet; tract
Bunten exhibition; art exhibition sponsored by the Ministry of Education (antecedent of the Nitten exhibition)
the above sentence; the foregoing remark; preamble (to a statute, constitution, etc.); opening part of a letter (used for season's greetings, asking after someone's health, etc.)
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; MEXT
writer; author; literary person; one who lives from writing
civil administration; Bunji era (1185.8.14-1190.4.11)
official document; archives
stationery store; stationery shop; stationer's
young literary enthusiast
translated sentence; translated passage; translation; version; rendering
mass culture; pop culture; popular culture; culture of the people (as opposed to the elite)
literary criticism; book review
written appeal; manifesto; declaration
box for holding papers or stationery
the text; the main clause; the main part of a document
English(-language) literature; British literature
research thesis; treatise
cultural exchange; cross-cultural communication; contacts between different cultures
technical civilization; technical civilisation
humanity; civilization; civilisation; culture
humanities and sciences; social sciences and hard sciences; context; (line of) reasoning
Japanese writing; Japanese text
modern civilization; modern civilisation
explicit statement (e.g. law); express provision
Bunroku era (1592.12.8-1596.10.27)
phrase; clause; basic linguistic unit in Japanese grammar
treatise; monograph; study; paper (scientific, technical)
Western civilization; Western civilisation
poor piece of writing; my poor writing
Minister of Education, Science and Culture
moral culture; spiritual culture; culture born through the workings of the human mind (science, religion, philosophy, religion, art, etc.)
Nobel Prize in Literature
imperative sentence; imperative statement
(Japanese) Agency for Cultural Affairs
semi-European-style house; type of Japanese house incorporating Western elements that was made popular in the 1920s and 1930s
unwritten; illiterate; uneducated; poor writing
literary criticism or theory
travel writing; travel piece; traveller's journal; traveler's journal
password; secret spell; secret phrase
written language; literary language; classical (or formal) written style based on Heian-period Japanese
greeting phrase (in letter, etc.); salutation
contemporary literature; modern literature
doctoral dissertation; doctoral thesis
department of English literature
Japanese text; sentence in Japanese
sic; sic erat scriptum; the quoted matter has been transcribed exactly as found in the source text
Bachelor of Arts; BA; B.A.
material civilization; material civilisation
judgment paper; judgement paper
civilized world; civilised world
collected papers; collected works; collection of articles and essays
plain text; unciphered text
(enervating) attraction to books or learning
circular (document); circulating letter; palindrome
humanities; social sciences; liberal arts
(China's) Cultural Revolution (1966-76)
modern civilization; modern world
literary profession; writing
main text (as opposed to any included commentary or annotations); authentic text (e.g. of a treaty, as opposed to any translation not specified as authentic); Chinese classical literature
unification of the written and spoken forms of a language
Chinese classical literature; Chinese classics
diplomatic papers or documents
tattoo (esp. a traditional Japanese one); tattooing
writing in a European language; European text; Roman letters
Mesopotamian civilization (civilisation)
cultural science (Rickert's "Kulturwissenschaft")
start of a sentence, phrase, etc.
confidential document; confidential paper; classified document
all the officials, both military and civil
Genbun era (1736.4.28-1741.2.27)
department of Japanese literature
public records office; archives
variant (in a manuscript or book); part of a text that differs from other versions
Culture Day (national holiday; November 3)
Egyptian civilization (civilisation)
written report to the gods; imperial edict; written appeal to a superior
Tenbun era (1532.7.29-1555.10.23)
Bun'ei era (1264.2.28-1275.4.25)
letter of responsibility (for a crime)
civilian control (of the military)
literary (and the arts) column
country with a high level of culture
department of French literature
a sentence; one sentence; (short) piece of writing
study or science of literature; a liberal arts department
responsibility for wording of an article
lost work; lost writings; partially lost work; literary fragment; work of a superior quality
compound sentence; sentenced formed of two independent clauses; important cultural property; important cultural asset
epistolary style (of Japanese literature)
(skilled) writer; essayist
civil and military officers
bunbuku chagama (a mythical raccoon dog transformed into a teapot)
first Japanese invasion of Korea (1592-93)
cultural facilities (art galleries, tea rooms, etc.)
French; French writing; French literature
literary style; classical style
Ministry of Culture (e.g. in China)
translation; piece of translated writing; translated sentence
Western civilization; Western civilisation
Bunna era (of the Northern Court) (1352.9.27-1356.3.28); Bunwa era
many cultures; multicultural
sic; sic erat scriptum; the quoted matter has been transcribed exactly as found in the source text
Order of Culture; Order of Cultural Merit
literature written in diary form
culture; arts and sciences
tangible cultural properties
writers and artists; persons who take delight in such refined pursuits as poetry, literature, painting and calligraphy
style of Southern Chinese painting
Cultural Affairs Department
word used mainly in writing; literary language
written expression; writing
type picking; anthology; selection of literary works
colloquial writing; text written in a spoken form of the language
attached document; attachment; insert; package insert (medical)
school of popular writing
important intangible cultural asset
methods of writing; rules of good writing; writing style guide
intangible cultural heritage
Bun'an era (1444.2.5-1449.7.28); Bunnan era
Western word or sentence; word created by translating components of a Western word
pomelo (Citrus maxima); shaddock
this thesis; this article; the article under consideration
Chinese bronze inscriptions; type of lettering used on metal objects, especially in China during the Yin and Zhou dynasties
English-Japanese translation
Indus (valley) civilization (civilisation)
civilized world; civilised world
written law; statutory law
British and American literature
story (verbal) problem; problem expressed in words
intangible cultural asset
afterword; epilogue; postscript
Chinese language (written); Chinese literature
women's writing; literature written by women
Aztec civilization (civilisation)
unpunctuated Chinese texts
cultural progress; advance of the arts
inscription; epitaph; composing the text for an inscription, usu. an epitaph
the four great civilizations of the world (China, Babylon, India and Egypt as put forward by Chinese scholar Liang Qichao in 1900)
Yellow River civilization; Huang civilization; cradle of Chinese civilization
pocket paperback size (approx. A6)
flavor of literary style; flavour of literary style
Kulturkampf (church-state conflict in Prussia; 1872-1887)
heavy double-handled pot used for making rice
poor writing; bad writing; rambling prose
phrases, etc. at the ends of letters, etc.
interpreting an English text
the style is the man; the style is the man himself
following sentence; succeeding sentence
important intangible folk culture asset
Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties (1950)
organizational culture; culture of an organization
Japanese-English translation
Bunki era (1501.2.29-1504.2.30)
cross-cultural; intercultural
Aegean civilization (civilisation)
dead letter; meaningless writing
history of Japanese literature
cultural museum; museum of culture
paleography; the study of ancient writings
love story; erotic literature
oral literature; folklore
indecent writings; pornography
Enbun era (of the Northern Court) (1356.3.28-1361.3.29)
written contribution; submission (to a newspaper, online forum, etc.)
prose with a poetic haiku flavor (flavour)
method of writing; syntax
epistolary style; style of written correspondence
female writer; woman writer
Bunshō era (1466.2.28-1467.3.5)
negative question; question asked in the negative (e.g. "Can't you read Japanese?")
East Asian evergreen forest culture (theory)
collection of essays contributed in celebration of something; festschrift
(my) poor writing; scribbling; hasty writing
damaging article published by the Shūkan Bunshun weekly
writing composed entirely of kana; kana text; letter composed entirely of kana
mixed writing of literary Japanese and Chinese
personal letter; epistolary style
text written in literary style
governing by law and reason rather than by military force
mixed writing (kanji and kana)
annotation; explanatory note
concrete syntax (of SGML)
German literature; German sentence
Japanese typewriter; typewriter that can type using Japanese characters
(piece of) writing in colloquial style; vulgar writing
the four great civilizations of the world (China, Babylon, India, and Egypt; as put forward by Chinese scholar Liang Qichao in 1900)
participial construction; participle construction
transcription of Chinese classics into Japanese
early-modern literature; Edo-period literature (1600-1867)
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization; UNESCO
writing into law; codification; enacting
kana literature; works written in kana in the Heian period
miscellanist; miscellaneous writer
international cultural exchange
merchant class culture that flourished in Edo during the Bunka-Bunsei period
culture of the printed word; book culture
horizontal (Western) writing
visual culture; culture of visual images; (screen) image culture
Bunpō era (1317.2.3-1319.4.28)
clever use of words to advance an argument; tricky manipulation of law
end of a sentence; sentence final
complex sentence; sentence with an independent clause and at least one dependent clause
this academic subject or field of study; Confucian studies
Sanskrit writing; Sanskrit text; Sanskrit scripture; scripture in Sanskrit characters
the foregoing; the forgoing
epistolary style; epistolary phrase
input sentence; input statement
Japanese literature; Japanese writing; Japanese text
faculty of law and literature
legendary literature; narrative literature
the pleasures of literature
erotic or pornographic literature (Edo period)
oral literature; folk literature
museum of modern literature
emphatic (sentence) construction
oral literature; folk literature
creating patterns in human flesh through scarification
Imjin War (1592-1597); Hideyoshi's invasions of Korea
respect for literary culture
(the so-called) kanji culture
cross-cultural; comparative culture
essay-type test; essay-based examination
civil official (esp. dealing with literary matters)
random jottings; rambling essays
(China's) Cultural Revolution (1966-76)
Bun'ō era (1260.4.13-1261.2.20)
eight-legged essay (classical Chinese style of essay writing)
history of civilization; history of civilisation
Heian-period kana writing
transformational generative grammar
pornographic literature; sensual literature; erotic literature
transcription of Chinese classics into Japanese
same race and same language
same race and same script
Bunka-Bunsei period (approx. 1804-1830 CE)
Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize
Japanese grammar (esp. traditional)
colloquial grammar; grammar of modern spoken and written Japanese
person who has made outstanding cultural contributions
Diet members with a special interest in education
literary revolution (of China; post-1917 emphasis on vernacular forms)
group paragraph conversion
epigraph on a stone monument; ancient inscriptions on monuments
fountainhead of culture; Ministry of Education
force of a literary style
Palaeolithic culture; Paleolithic culture
fundamental culture (concept proposed by German folklorist Hans Naumann); deep culture
the five sentence structures (SV, SVC, SVO, SVOO, SVOC)
(Edo-period) humorous literature
kanji cultural sphere; countries where Chinese characters are used or were historically used
addendum (to a treaty or contract); annex; annexure; subordinate clause
in calligraphy, the four important tools of brush, ink stone, ink stick, and paper
anthology; literary world; collection of literary masterpieces
reading a classical Chinese text in Japanese
twisting of the truth in one's writing; playing with text to distort the truth
Japanese containing expressions literally translated from European languages
Russian text; text written in Russian; Russian literature; Russian literature faculty
reply letter; retranslation (into the original language)
Specialist in Humanities (Japanese visa category)
procedure branching statement
document type declaration subset
type declaration statement
document type declaration
Tanaka memorial (document, ca. 1927)
exclamatory sentence; exclamation
the four great Japanese grammar texts (Yamada, Matsushita, Hashimoto and Tokieda)
functional unification grammar; FUG
autobiography; autobiographical literature
contextually required element
document application profile
Japanized version of classical Chinese (used from Heian period onward)
literary style from the Heian era onwards, often mainly in kana and written by women
defined assignment statement
deterministic context-free grammar
searching with natural language; natural sentence search
unwritten law; common law
colloquial language style; everyday language style
contextually required token
document architecture; document body
document architecture class
contextually optional element
exclamatory sentence; exclamation
ideological literature (esp. left-wing)
New Culture Movement (revolutionary movement in China, 1917-1921)
text processing application
normal style of writing; modern Japanese text; text written in literary style with mixed kanji and kana (until the Taisho era)
Open Document Architecture; ODA
humorous erotic literature
school grammar; system of Japanese grammar used in Japanese schools and dictionaries
joint communique; joint statement
imperative statement; unconditional statement
document architecture level
contextually optional token
grammar error; syntax error
the five basic sentence structures (SV, SVC, SVO, SVOO, SVOC)
uncodified constitution; unwritten constitution
document class description
public text designating sequence
Amarna letters (archive of Egyptian correspondence, recorded on clay tablets)
document type specification
syntax-reference character set
grammar of the classical literature; classical grammar
head-driven phrase structure grammar; HPSG
result document type (of a link)
Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
lexical-functional grammar; LFG
scholarship and swordsmanship are one and the same; the literary and the military are the same path
concrete syntax parameter
multicode basic concrete syntax
culture of a higher order (as opposed to fundamental culture)
codified constitution; written constitution
easily misunderstood sentence; garden-path sentence; (lit.) cul-de-sac sentence
device-dependent version of public text
public text display version
the pen is mightier than the sword
mixed writing (kanji and kana)
delimited scope statement
document type definition; DTD
source document type (of a link)
sentential negation; sentence negation; statement negation
elucidation of a difficult passage
word form used in literary language
phrase structure grammar; PSG
bizarre literature; literature of the bizarre
context-sensitive grammar
Minister for Culture and Tourism
doctoral degree (e.g. PhD) by thesis only
Japanese shubunkin goldfish variety
Longshan culture (China, 3000-1900 BCE); Lung-shan culture; Black Pottery culture
commercial correspondence
compiler directing statement
confusing piece of writing; incomprehensible sentence
Japanese typewriter; typewriter that can type using Japanese characters
bunkafu; tablature notation system used for shamisen music
(Sun Yat-sen's) Three Principles of the People
stone inscription; epigraphy
compound-complex sentence
multicode concrete syntax
Timor dusky sparrow (Lonchura fuscata, Padda fuscata)
well up in both literary and military (martial) arts; well skilled in wielding both the sword and the pen
lettering of an engraving
multicode core concrete syntax
reference concrete syntax
missing part (of manuscript)
Bunryaku era (1234.11.5-1235.9.19)
Western typewriter; typewriter using Roman letters
colorful pattern; colourful pattern
hangul (Korean script); (arch.) proverb
(inadvertent) redundancy in a text
funeral eulogy; memorial address
large seal script (dating from China's Spring and Autumn period onward)
regular kanbun (following the rules of classical Chinese grammar)
refined; handsome and solid in character
dictionary of kanbun grammar and usage
bronze-vessel and bell inscriptions
Oxytropis megalantha (species of locoweed)
kanji "literature" radical (radical 67)
kanbun converted into literary Japanese
kanbun converted into literary Japanese
being versed in the literary and military arts