period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
charge; cost; generation; age; era; a representative of; on behalf of
representation; representative; exemplification; typification; leader; switchboard number
ancient times; distant past; antiquity
present age; present day; contemporary; modern era; modern times; contemporary era
previous generation (of a family); previous head of the family; predecessor; previous age; previous generation
compensation; reparation; price (of achieving a goal); cost; paying compensation on someone's behalf; compensation
representation; agency; proxy; proxy; agent; representative
change; alternation; rotation; replacement; substitution; shift
first generation; founder
for generations; from generation to generation; generation after generation; through the ages
price; cost; charge; payment; bill; fee
acting as agent; acting on (someone's) behalf; executing business for
the teens (10-19); teenage; the tenth generation
the same generation; coeval
local governor (Edo period); local magistrate; bailiff; deputy official (Middle Ages); acting administrator
nth generation; nth (person to occupy a position, e.g. president)
successive generations; successive emperors
present day; modern times; recent times; early modern period (in Japan, usu. from the Meiji Restoration until the end of World War II)
ancient time; age of the gods; mythological age; time before the ascension of Emperor Jimmu
speaking by proxy; speaking for (someone else); payment by proxy; compensation by proxy; acting for (someone else); carrying out (on someone's behalf)
unheard-of; unprecedented; unparalleled in history (unparallelled); record-breaking
proxy; agent; substitute; deputy; alternate; representative
substitute (actor); stand-in; fill-in; understudy; double
generation; lifetime; age
Warring States period (of Japanese history, approx. 1467-1568); Sengoku period; Warring States period (of Chinese history, 403-221 BCE); era of vicious competition
same generation; one's generation
representative; exemplary; model
historical play; period drama
the present age; these days; (present) head of the family
three generations; three periods; third generation
earnings from a part-time job; part-time job pay
modern times; the modern age; this day and age
substitution; alternative; substitute
price; cost; charge; price (of achieving something); cost; sacrifice
next generation; future generation
charge (for admission, a meal, etc.); fee; price
second generation; second; junior
pronoun; synonym; classic example; pattern
uncommon; rare; extraordinary; matchless
taking over (e.g. store or family's headship); subrogation; substitution of one person for another (usu. a creditor)
Five Dynasties (of China; 907-979)
old-fashioned; behind the times; out-of-date; antiquated
once in a lifetime; the first and last occurrence (event, experience) of one's lifetime
modern person; people of today
sales clerk (in a merchant house, ranking between the head clerk and an apprentice); shopman; shop assistant
ancient civilization; ancient civilisation
the one before last; two generations, etc. previous
accommodation fees; hotel charges; room charges
Japanese representative; Japanese delegate; Japanese delegation
assistant instructor; substitute instructor
ancestral; hereditary; handed down from generation to generation; for generations; from generation to generation
chamberlain; castle keeper
writing on someone's behalf
parliamentarian; member of a congress
most important work (of a writer, artist, etc.); representative work; masterpiece; magnum opus; major work
all ages to come; all generations; eternity
new era; new period; new age; new epoch
in all ages; over the ages; forever and ever
modernization; modernisation
ancient Japanese (as spoken in Japan until the Middle Ages)
to be handed down from generation to generation
spokesperson; speaker (for someone); mouthpiece; voice (e.g. for the ordinary citizen)
Jōmon period (ca. 14000-1000 BCE)
Kamakura period (1185-1333)
the ancients; ancient people
trend of the times; way things are going
successive generations; hereditary daimyo whose ancestors supported Tokugawa Ieyasu prior to the battle of Sekigahara
ancient script; ancient character; ancient alphabet
cost of a meal (or meals)
contemporary writing; modern text; modern Japanese writing; modern Japanese (as a school subject); literature written since the Meiji period
one's youth; one's youthful days (years); the flower of one's youth; the springtime of one's life
magistrate's office (Edo period); territory under a magistrate's jurisdiction
alternation of generations; heterogenesis; change of generations; emergence of a new generation
electricity bill; electric bill
pinch-hitting; pinch hitter; performing a duty in place of someone else; proxy
Muromachi period (1336-1573)
premodern; old-fashioned; outmoded; antiquated
annals; chronicle; chronology
Taishō period (1912-1926); Taisho period
drink money; alcohol expenses; tip; gratuity
substitute article; back-up
previous generation; former ages
acting shugo (Kamakura or Muromachi period military governor)
to look old-fashioned; to be antique-looking
posterity; future generations
(one's) youth; one's younger days
Yayoi period (ca. 300 BCE-300 CE)
child of the times; modern kid; kids of today; with-it youngster
overtime pay; overtime money; overtime payment
advertising agency; advertising firm; advertising company
representative director; managing director; president; someone chosen by the board of directors from among the directors to actually represent the company in its dealings with the outside world
deputy leader (of a party, etc.); vice-president
present-day science; modern science
modern language; contemporary language; living language; modern Japanese; Japanese as spoken since the Meiji period or alternatively, since the end of World War II
drink money; drinking money
Age of Discovery; Age of Exploration
answer a roll call for another
Tokugawa period (i.e. the Edo period, 1603-1867)
Dynastic period (the Nara period and esp. the Heian period, characterized by the rule of the emperor as opposed to shogunate)
algebra; number of generations (e.g. in imperial succession)
ancient times (e.g. Heian and Nara periods in Japan); remote ages; early history; (nominal) retail price
transportation expenses; travel expenses; fare (train, taxi, etc.)
proxy; agent; substitute; deputy; alternate; representative
cost of a ticket; price of a ticket
compensatory holiday (for working on a day off); time in lieu
modern man; modern person; modernist
telephone bill; telephone rate
modern translation; translation into modern language (of a classical text, e.g. The Tale of Genji)
modern state; modern nation
president and chief executive officer
in all ages; over the ages; forever and ever
deputy who went to the battlefield in his lord's stead (Muromachi period onward); provisional regent (standing in for an underage lord; Muromachi period onward); official left in charge of a jin'ya in a lord's absence; local magistrate
deputy manager; assistant manager; acting manager
generation of students educated under the "pressure-free" system (from the late 1970s onward)
feudal era; feudal times; feudal period; feudal age; age of feudalism
glorious reign; enlightened era
modern civilization; modern civilisation
brigadier general; commodore
Nanbokuchō period (of Japan; 1336-1392); period of the Northern and Southern courts; period of the Northern and Southern dynasties (of China; 5th-6th centuries CE)
old-fashioned; antiquated; anachronistic
antique; historical object; pre-Meiji period drama; period piece
one's parents' generation
the good old days; halcyon days
price of a flower; fee for a geisha's companionship
deputy manager; acting manager; acting section chief
gasoline bill; cost of gasoline
modern Japanese (esp. as a school subject)
thousands of years; eternity; all generations
Asuka period (550-710 CE)
modern version; modern edition; updated, contemporary edition
gas bill; gasoline bill; petrol bill
hereditary daimyo whose ancestors supported Tokugawa Ieyasu prior to the battle of Sekigahara
Tang period (China; 618-907); Tang era
Tenpyō period (esp. used as a period of art history, 710-794 CE)
the modern era; present day
the n-th generation head of a family
substitute doctor; locum tenens; locum
Kofun period (of Japanese history, 250-538 CE); Tumulus period
(right of) representation; right to represent (e.g. a company)
premodern times; premodern era
background research; research into the period
contemporary literature; modern literature
Paleolithic; Palaeolithic; Old Stone Age
Azuchi-Momoyama period (approx. 1558-1600)
visiting a temple for another
Three Kingdoms period (of Chinese history, 220 CE-280 CE); Three Kingdoms period (of Korean history, 57 BCE-668 CE)
newspaper subscription fee
fee paid for space (e.g. for a stall)
Shōwa period (1926-1989); Showa period
representing others in a conference
alternative means (alternate); alternative method
dark age; hard times; winter years
playing a gambling game on behalf of a person or organization (esp. mahjong or pachinko); person who gambles on someone's behalf
contemporary philosophy; modern thought
contemporary novel; modern novel
prehistoric era; prehistoric times; prehistory
modern civilization; modern world
cost of a lesson learned (e.g. from failing at something); price of a life lesson
Song dynasty (of China; 960-1279); Sung dynasty
notary public; scribe; amanuensis
bubble era (of Japan; 1986-1991)
Ashikaga period (i.e. Muromachi period; 1336-1573)
Genroku period (1688-1704); Genroku era
Han period (China; 202 BCE-220 CE); Han era
modern architecture; modernist architecture
age determination; dating
New Library of Knowledge (series of paperbacks published since 1964 by Kodansha)
cost of a car; carfare; honorarium (to cover transportation costs); travel expenses (customarily given by wedding hosts to guests who have travelled from afar)
the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period (Chinese history)
Gempei period (late 11th century-late 12th century CE)
Ming period (China; 1368-1644); Ming era
substitute; deputy; proxy; representative; agent
district acting shugo (in the Muromachi period); deputy military governor (of a district); district magistrate (in the Edo period)
baby boom generation (of 1947-1949)
subrogation; substitution
spirit of the age; zeitgeist
contemporary life; present-day life
contemporary art museum; museum of contemporary art
fee charged at a public bath
charge d'affaires of embassy
substitute device; replacement aircraft
Momoyama period (latter half of the Azuchi-Momoyama period, approx. 1583-1600)
Spring and Autumn period (of Chinese history; approx. 770-403 BCE); Chunqiu period; Ch'unch'iu period
bubble generation; generation that came of age during the Japanese bubble economy era (born 1965-1970)
modern art museum; museum of modern art
loaner vehicle (e.g. from a garage which is repairing one's vehicle)
the babyboomers; the baby boom generation
hospital costs; hospital bill
Fujiwara period (esp. used as a period of art history, approx. 894-1185 CE)
performing as a substitute; standing in (for)
pettifogging lawyer; unscrupulous or unethical lawyer; shyster; casuist; sophist
Heisei period (January 8, 1989-April 30, 2019)
the shogunate period; the days of the shogunate regime
Festival of the Ages (held at Heian Jingu Shrine in Kyoto on October 22); Jidai Festival
substitute runner; pinch runner; substitute
modern kana orthography (1946 reform, amended 1986); new kana orthography
feudal period (characterized by the rule of the shogunate, 1185-1867); age of militarist government
parishioner representative
to change hands; to be succeeded
proceeds from sale; receipts
Archaeozoic (Archeozoic) Era
taking turns; relieving the guard
division of history into periods; periodization (in history)
joint representative; joint representation
magnificent imperial reign
The Life of an Amorous Man by Ihara Saikaku (famous novel from the Edo period)
chargé d'affaires; chargé
modern music; contemporary music
working generation; people still working
substitute lecturing; substitute lecturer
proportional representation
ancient rice varieties; wild rice
modernization; modernisation
classical antiquity; Greek and Roman eras
Yuan dynasty (of China; 1271-1368); Yüan dynasty; Mongol dynasty
honorarium (to cover transportation costs); travel expenses (customarily given by wedding hosts to guests who have travelled from afar)
phases of the age (times)
generation after generation; (for) generations to come
modern poetry; modern-style poetry
statutory representative; legal representative
the 2000s; the '00s; the aughts; the noughties
historical times; historical period
modern history; modern and current history; recent history; recent contemporary history
jindai moji; forged syllabic characters purported to have been used in ancient Japan
modern disease; disease of our time
sensitivity to the times; sense of the times
to be antique-looking; to look old; to be old-fashioned
Tanuma period (1767-1786)
agency; (attorney's) authority of representation
Gendai Kokugo Reikai Jiten (Japanese dictionary published by Shogakukan)
advocacy; pleading by proxy; speaking for another; attorney
Hakuhō period (esp. used as a period of art history, approx. 645-710 CE)
proportional representation
money to see one over the New Year period
main (switchboard) number; main telephone (phone) number
geological age; geological era
Keien period (between the end of the Russo-Japanese War and the Taisho Political Crisis, approx. 1905-1912)
Jōgan period (of art history; 859-877 CE)
Rokumeikan era (ca. 1883-1887); period of Westernization in Meiji-era Japan, marked by Western-style balls at the Rokumeikan
periodic fee (esp. for employee travel); commuting expenses
modern drama; modern theater
ancient Orient; ancient Near East
representative director; spokesperson for a board of directors
characteristics of an age
acting leader (usu. of a party)
Yoshino period (Japan's Northern and Southern Courts period, esp. from the viewpoint of the legitimacy of the Southern Court, 1336-1392)
representative partner; senior partner; senior employee empowered to represent a company
fee paid for the services of a geisha or prostitute
enlightened generation; millennial generation lacking ambition and material desire
payment (for labour); pay; charge; wages
modern Japanese (as spoken since the Middle Ages); Japanese spoken during the Meiji period (sometimes including the late Edo period and/or the Taishō period)
lignitized Japanese cedar; lignitised Japanese cedar
contemporary English; present-day English; current English
services performed in perpetuity by a Buddhist temple for the repose of a departed soul
Collections of the Twenty-One Eras; twenty-one collections of waka compiled by imperial command (early Heian to early Muromachi)
one's dark days; the period during which one suffered misfortune and obscurity
historical times; historical period
modern Olympic Games; modern Olympics
Yoshino period (Japan's Northern and Southern Courts period, esp. from the viewpoint of the legitimacy of the Southern Court, 1336-1392)
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (of China; 907-979)
police custody; police detention; substitute prison
execution by proxy; subrogation (of administrative acts)
being unsurpassed (unparalleled) at present
honeymoon period (e.g. between two countries)
non-substitutable; irreplaceable; unique; non-fungible
Sandai Jitsuroku (sixth of the six classical Japanese history texts)
(mobile broadband) data cost
meat substitute; meat analogue; cheaper meat used in place of beef or pork
money brought to a funeral; incense money; fee for a geisha's time
generation of young people (esp. of the 1970s) apathetic about social issues
F1 hybrid; first filial hybrid; first cross
not up with the times; out of touch
Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku (sixth of the six classical Japanese history texts)
Higashiyama period (cultural and artistic period of the mid-Muromachi)
to squander one's fortunes
lady's pin money; cosmetics expense
Russian false yellow lupine (Thermopsis lupinoides)
new money; nouveau riche; person who has amassed substantial wealth in his lifetime
Great Interregnum (period of the Holy Roman Empire; approx. 1254-1273)
better to ask and be embarrassed than not ask and never know
Rashidun period (period of the Rightly Guided Caliphs; 632-661 CE)
Ritsuryō period (mid 7th-10th centuries CE)
expenses for rent of space, land, etc.
assisting town official (Edo period)
Qing dynasty (of China; 1644-1912); Ch'ing dynasty; Manchu dynasty
era in which university places outnumber university applicants; era of declining enrollment
deputy estate steward; deputy jitō
representative government
advertising agency business
payment for another; payment by proxy; paying in kind; paying with a substitute
Ancient Egyptian (language)
The Chronicles (books of the Bible)
eternity; through all eternity; for evermore; for many generations to come
assignment operator; substitution operator
Yamato period (300-550 CE)
Ōgosho period (between the Kansei Reforms and the Tempo Reforms, approx. 1787-1843)
age of information; information age
administrative subrogation
current era of excessive eating; era in which there is more than enough food; age of plenty; age of plentiful food
Azuchi period (first half of the Azuchi-Momoyama period, 1568-1582)
Suiko period (i.e. the Asuka period, esp. under the reign of Empress Suiko, approx. 592-628 CE)
Shokuhō period (i.e. the Azuchi-Momoyama period, approx. 1568-1600)
commercial agent; commission merchant
representativeness; (level of) representation
age determination method; dating technique
modern and contemporary art
museum of modern literature
Museum of Modern Art, Gunma
modern monetary theory; modern money theory; MMT
substitute fish; using an alternative fish variety instead of a traditional one
abstract algebra; modern algebra
decade (of age); -ties (e.g. sixties)
meat substitute; meat analogue; fake meat
once in an emperor's reign; event that takes place only once in a sovereign's reign
the worthy will be remembered; (lit.) humans (last) one generation; names (last) forever
ancient language; ancient word; Old Japanese; Japanese as spoken from the end of the 6th century to the end of the Nara period
intergenerational (social) exchange
Japan Society for Contemporary Music; JSCM
being unsurpassed (unparalleled) at present
otoshi fee; table charge; cover charge; fee for a compulsory appetizer at an izakaya, etc.
Bunka-Bunsei period (approx. 1804-1830)
conference of representatives
deciding on behalf of someone; deciding for someone in their stead
Fifth Generation Computer System; FGCS
intergenerational; of different generations
proxy punishment (system of punishment under the laws of a country to which a perpetrator has fled)
representative executive vice-president
Museum of Modern Art, Kamakura
Wei, Jin, and Southern and Northern Dynasties period (China, 220-589 CE)
Museum of Modern Art, Saitama
generation comprising those who were children during WWII (in Japan); (lit.) burnt ruins generation
electoral system comprised of single-seat constituencies and proportionally represented multiple-seat constituencies
contemporary dance; modern dance
generation ship (science fiction); interstellar ark
magazine subscription fee
(printing, etc.) plate cost
goodwill; intangible assets (part of the acquisition price of a business paid for the name and reputation of the company rather than tangible assets)
grand kagura performance at Ise; type of performance including the lion dance and juggling; Camellia japonica 'Daikagura' (cultivar of Japanese camellia)
curtained sleeping platform in shinden-style residences (used by people of high rank)
praying by proxy; applying by proxy
alt text; fallback text; image description text
National People's Congress (of the People's Republic of China); NPC
best of one's time; greatest of the age; peerless; unmatched
one who offers prayer in place of another
period in the sixth and seventh centuries prior to the Taika reform
National People's Congress (of the People's Republic of China); NPC
Paranoia Agent (2004 anime series)
special coaching stock awarded to retired grand champion
housekeeping (service); domestic help; homemaking
head steward (of an estate)
fourth generation language; 4GL
this world (life) and the next; eternity
Amarna period (of Egyptian history)
Japan Association for Modern China Studies
period of Japanese colonial rule (of Korea; 1910-1945)
Mesolithic; Middle Stone Age
mail-order department; branch store
algebraic variety; locus defined by polynomial equations
cursive kanji form used as a syllabary (Heian period); ancient kana
maritime judicial scrivener; marine procedure commission agent
to move along with the times
better to ask and be embarrassed than not ask and never know
The University of the Third Age (U3A)
asexual generation (of organisms undergoing heterogenesis); anamorph (of fungi)
originator requested alternate recipient
Act on Substitute Execution by Administration
travel agent; reseller (of tour packages, etc.)
pre-Jomon period (i.e. the preceramic period)
to be up-to-date; to be relevant; to respond to the times
alternate recipient allowed
active career; one's working life; the years before one retired; playing days
Chronicles I (book of the Bible)
better to ask and be embarrassed than not ask and never know
chargé d'affaires ad interim; acting chargé d'affaires
linear algebra; matrix algebra
alternate recipient assignment
era at the end of 1970s dominated by grand champion Wajima and ozeki Takanohana
Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; IMPCAS
algebraically closed field
era during mid-1990s dominated by grand champions Akebono and Takanohana II
defined assignment statement
legal representative; legal guardian
compensatory holiday (for working on a day off)
post-Jōmon period (mainly Hokkaido; 3rd to 7th century BCE); epi-Jōmon period
protohistory (the period between prehistory and history)
receiving agent services; over the counter payment accepted through convenience stores
Metal Age (i.e. the Bronze Age and the Iron Age)
Japanese Society for Complementary and Alternative Medicine; JCAM
era at the turn of 1960s into 70s dominated by grand champions Kitanofuji and Tamanoumi
era during the 1950s dominated by grand champions Tochinishiki and Wakanohana I
special kana usage rules of the Nara period
era during mid-1970s dominated by grand champions Wajima and Kitanoumi
adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with cancer
millennials; millennial generation
Generation Alpha; Gen Alpha
five generations of earthly deities
representative office (e.g. diplomatic)
era during 1960s dominated by grand champions Taiho and Kashiwado
waiting in place of someone else
sexual generation (of organisms undergoing heterogenesis); teleomorph (of fungi)
company president, with responsibility to represent the company in its dealings with the outside world
thumb tribe; thumb generation; people who are constantly typing on their phones with their thumbs
general meeting of representatives (in incorporated associations)
International Society for Contemporary Music; ISCM
era during early 1900s dominated by the grand champions Hitachiyama and Umegatani II
relative generation number
proxy application company
alternate reality game; ARG
next-generation mobile phone
Chronicles II (book of the Bible)
payment in substitutes; accord and satisfaction; substitute performance
unauthorized proxy; unauthorized representation
(mobile broadband) data cost
hotel bill; cost of a hotel
millennials; millennial generation
relation algebra; relational algebra
seven generations of celestial deities
substitute kanji; jōyō kanji used in place of a non-jōyō kanji
Kōnin-Jōgan period (of Japanese art history; approx. 794-894 CE)
older generation; past generation
Hyogo Prefectural Museum of Modern Art
Niigata Prefectural Museum of Modern Art
radiocarbon dating; carbon-14 dating
Museum of Modern Art, Toyama
representative of Gifu and Mie prefectures
fixed overtime pay; fixed overtime salary
Museum of Modern Art, Wakayama
Akita Museum of Modern Art
gendaika; modern, non-traditional school of ikebana
vocational representation system
pre-babyboomers (children born between 1943 and 1946 in Japan)
pension replacement rate; income substitution rate (of the public pension)
Museum of Modern Art, Shiga
composing charges; composition charges
points awarded for scoring combinations
reflexive pronoun (in Japanese grammar only)
reflexive pronoun (in Japanese grammar only)
Tamagawa Modern Art Museum
collateral securities; substitute securities
substitute kanji; jōyō kanji used in place of a non-jōyō kanji
Toyoshina Museum of Modern Art
alternate track; alternative track
alternate path; alternative path
CFC substitute; alternative CFCs; alternative chlorofluorocarbon
proportional representation system in which votes are cast for a publicly available list of party members or for individual members of that list
car running on substitute fuel
house of representatives; legislative assembly; chamber of deputies
Archaeozoic (Archeozoic) Era
collateral securities; substitute securities
alternative plan; alternate proposal; counterplan; counterproposal
shelf space rent; shelf space fee
proportional representation electoral system (in which party votes are cast, and candidates from each party are elected based on an ordered list available to the public)
ancient times; times of old; time long since passed
proportional representation system in which both party and individual votes are cast, seats are distributed amongst parties by proportion of vote obtained, and candidates are elected in descending order of number of votes obtained
representative government
subrogation; subrogated performance; payment in subrogation
quid pro quo sexual harassment
houseleek (any plant species of genus Sempervivum)