indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to master (a skill); proprietor; manager; leader; chief; master (of arts, science, etc.); master (recording)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
silver (Ag); silver coin; money; silver medal; silver colour; silver color
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
tunnel; to tunnel (through a potential barrier); letting a grounder go through one's legs
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
gate; branch of learning based on the teachings of a single master; division; phylum; counter for cannons
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
channel (e.g. between two land masses); strait
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
well then ...; in that situation; in which case
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
heh heh heh; tee-hee; giggle
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?