indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
waterfall; (arch.) rapids
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
breathing; respiration; knack; trick; harmony; balance
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
ear; hearing; edge; crust; selvedge (non-fray machined edge of fabrics); selvage
breath; breathing; tone; mood
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
in that way; thus; so; so?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
name; given name; first name
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
cooking; cookery; cuisine; dealing with something; handling; administration
horizontal (as opposed to vertical); lying down; side-to-side (as opposed to front-to-back); width; side (of a box, etc.); beside
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing