indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to master (a skill); proprietor; manager; leader; chief; master (of arts, science, etc.); master (recording)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
nashi (Pyrus pyrifolia, esp. var. culta); Japanese pear; Asian pear; sand pear; apple pear
now; the present time; just now; another; more