indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
in this way; thus; such; uh...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
(some) more; even more; longer; further
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
well then ...; in that situation; in which case
good feeling; feeling good
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
now; the present time; just now; another; more
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
a short while ago; a moment ago; just now; some time ago
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer