indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
honorific/polite/humble prefix
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
earpick; ear cleaning (with an earpick)
noshi; long thin strip of dried abalone in folded patterned paper, attached to a gift
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
hey!; excuse me!; wait a moment
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
heh heh heh; tee-hee; giggle
salmon (Salmonidae spp.); chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
mandarin (esp. the satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu)); mandarin orange; tangerine; citrus (Citrus spp.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
ghost that appears at sea during a shipwreck; something strange or suspicious; idiot; fool; noh mask for roles involving dead or ghost characters
"gentleman" who escorts a woman home, only to make a pass at her
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
song; singing; classical Japanese poem (esp. tanka); modern poetry
a little bit; a little while
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
ear; hearing; edge; crust; selvedge (non-fray machined edge of fabrics); selvage
tree sparrow (Passer montanus); talkative person; knowledgeable person
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
beanbag; beanbag juggling game; bobbling the ball
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
that sort of; that kind of; like that; such; so
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at