indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
earpick; ear cleaning (with an earpick)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
heh heh heh; tee-hee; giggle
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
honorific/polite/humble prefix
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
ear; hearing; edge; crust; selvedge (non-fray machined edge of fabrics); selvage
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
good-bye; see you later; bye-bye; then; and then; and
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
particle indicating that the speaker is trying to recall some information
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
heh-heh; hee-hee; ha ha; (arch.) female genitals; (arch.) vagina; (arch.) vulva
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
to stroke; to caress; to brush gently; to comb (hair); to smooth down
in that way; thus; so; so?
now; the present time; just now; another; more
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
rustling; refreshing; clearly
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's