indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
reason; cause; circumstances
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
you (when referring to one's equals or inferiors)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
adds force or indicates command
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
ear; hearing; edge; crust; selvedge (non-fray machined edge of fabrics); selvage
mud; slush; (wet) dirt; thief
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
honorific/polite/humble prefix
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
bag; sack; skin of an orange (and other like fruits); dead end; plot of land surrounded by water
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
steam; vapour; vapor; steamboat; steam locomotive
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
to say; to be called; to do
to sew; to stitch; to weave one's way (e.g. through a crowd)