indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
earpick; ear cleaning (with an earpick)
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
you (when referring to one's equals or inferiors)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
adds force or indicates command
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
to rub; to crumple; to massage; to argue; to have a heated discussion; to train; to coach
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
ear; hearing; edge; crust; selvedge (non-fray machined edge of fabrics); selvage
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
in that way; thus; so; so?
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
to say; to be called; to do
ghost that appears at sea during a shipwreck; something strange or suspicious; idiot; fool; noh mask for roles involving dead or ghost characters
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
will; probably; may; I think; surely; I hope
phew; whew; huff; whoo; wohoo
reason; cause; circumstances
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become