wind and snow; snowstorm; blizzard; hardships
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
Kaei era (1848.2.28-1854.11.27)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
May; fifth month of the lunar calendar
beginning; start; first (in line, etc.); origin; such as ...; not to mention ...
one day; (on) a certain day
Suruga (former province located in the central and northern parts of present-day Shizuoka Prefecture)
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); province (of Japan)
district; county; district (of 2-20 50-home neighbourhoods or townships, in the ritsuryō period); commandery (in China)
imperial palace; shrine; Grand Empress Dowager; Empress Dowager; woman of imperial lineage who has borne a child; elderly woman of imperial lineage
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
shallow; superficial; slight (wound); light (sleep); short (time); early
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
company; firm; (Shinto) shrine; regional Chinese god of the earth (or a village built in its honour); counter for companies, shrines, etc.; incorporated body
last (i.e. immediately preceding); previous; pre- (e.g. premodern); before; before; earlier
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
two persons; two people; pair; couple
travelling clothes; traveling clothes; travelling outfit; traveling outfit
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
starting point of a mountain ascent; trailhead (leading up a mountain)
to face; to go towards; to head towards
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
road approaching a shrine
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to sweep; to brush; to clean; to gather silkworms
old person; senior citizen; the aged; the elderly
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to find; to discover; to come across; to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
hello (e.g. on phone); excuse me! (when calling out to someone)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to (call and) stop; to call (someone) to stop; to hail (e.g. a taxi)
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
honorific/polite/humble prefix
ascent; climbing; ascending (path); upbound (esp. toward Tokyo)
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that