wind and snow; snowstorm; blizzard; hardships
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
Kaei era (1848.2.28-1854.11.27)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
May; fifth month of the lunar calendar
beginning; start; first (in line, etc.); origin; such as ...; not to mention ...
one day; (on) a certain day
Suruga (former province located in the central and northern parts of present-day Shizuoka Prefecture)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
riches; wealth; resources; lottery
man (esp. one who is well-respected); samurai; person (in a certain profession, esp. licensed); member
district; county; district (of 2-20 50-home neighbourhoods or townships, in the ritsuryo period)
imperial palace; shrine; Grand Empress Dowager; Empress Dowager; woman of imperial lineage who has borne a child; elderly woman of imperial lineage
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
shallow; superficial; slight (wound); light (sleep); short (time); early
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
company; association; regional Chinese god of the earth (or a village built in its honour); counter for companies, shrines, etc.
last (i.e. immediately preceding); previous; pre- (e.g. premodern); before; before; earlier
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
two persons; two people; pair; couple
travelling clothes; traveling clothes; travelling outfit; traveling outfit
starting point of a mountain ascent; trailhead (leading up a mountain)
to face; to go towards; to head towards
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
road approaching a shrine
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to sweep; to brush; to clean; to gather silkworms
old person; senior citizen; the aged; the elderly
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
hello (e.g. on phone); excuse me! (when calling out to someone)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to (call and) stop; to call (someone) to stop; to hail (e.g. a taxi)
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis