wonderful; marvelous; strange; strangely enough; oddly enough; for some reason
old person; senior citizen; the aged; the elderly
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
(tree) trunk; (arrow) shaft; (tool) handle; backbone; base
to eat; to live; to make a living; to bite; to sting (as insects do); to tease; to torment
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
primary school; elementary school; grade school
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
your home; your family; their home; (my) home
abundant; plentiful; rich; wealthy; open (mind); relaxed
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
mature woman; middle-aged woman
ward; borough; city (in Tokyo); district (e.g. electoral); section; zone (e.g. postal)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
near; neighbourhood; nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to; shortly; soon
small; little; slight; below average (in degree, amount, etc.); low (e.g. sound); soft (e.g. voice)
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to play (games, sports); to enjoy oneself; to mess about (with alcohol, gambling, philandery, etc.); to be idle; to do nothing; to meet up (with friends); to hang out
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
almost every day; almost daily
strange; weird; wonder; mystery; cleverness; adroitness
grandfather; male senior-citizen
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
white hair; grey hair; gray hair
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to put on (one's head); to wear; to be covered with (dust, snow, etc.); to pour (water, etc.) on oneself; to bear (e.g. someone's debts, faults, etc.); to take (blame); to overlap (e.g. sound or color)
to wear glasses; to put on glasses