first; foremost; most important; best; greatest; above all
(Buddhist) lecture meeting; religious association; mutual assistance association (i.e. for financial assistance)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
any kind of; every; whatsoever; whatever
book; document; calligraphy (esp. Chinese); penmanship; handwriting; letter
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
origin; genesis; opening; start; beginning
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
chapter; section; medal; badge; insignia
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
top (of a mountain); summit; peak; height; orgasm; climax
-ing and -ing (e.g. "coming and going"); doing such things as...; expresses a command; (arch.) to be; (arch.) indicates completion or continuation of an action
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
than; from; out of; except; but; more
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
end; final; end of life; death; never; not at all
tail (animal, kite, comet, etc.); tail end; slope at the foot of a mountain
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to build up; to establish; to form; to become (a state); to accomplish; to achieve; to change into
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
four; four years of age; ten o'clock (old time system); Burakumin; cross grips
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be sufficient; to be enough; to be worth doing; to be worthy of; to do (the job); to serve
in the meanwhile; during the time
drying rice on a rack; rack for drying rice
circle; entirety; whole; money; dough; enclosure inside a castle's walls; soft-shelled turtle
each; (arch.) you (plural)
as if; as it were; as though; right then; just then; at that moment
route; road; distance travelled in a day; one's ... (age, e.g. 40s, 60s)
uphill road; ascending road
to descend; to go down; to be handed down (of an order, judgment, etc.); to pass (of time); to surrender; to capitulate; to be less than
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
in; on; at (place); as for; regarding